1 NGÂN HÀNG NHÀ NƯỚC VIỆT NAM BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH -------------------------------------- NGUYỄN KHÁNH DUY DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ATTRACTION IN 7 COUNTRIES OF ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA NATIONS GRADUATE THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 LECTURER: Ph.D NGUYEN DUY LINH Ho Chi Minh City, the year of 2022 2 NGÂN HÀNG NHÀ NƯỚC VIỆT NAM BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH -------------------------------------- NGUYỂN KHÁNH DUY 050606180064 DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ATTRACTION IN 7 COUNTRIES OF ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA NATIONS GRADUATE THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 LECTURER: Ph.D NGUYEN DUY LINH Ho Chi Minh City, the year of 2022 i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Straightforwardly, foreign direct investment in developing countries has continuously risen and it now plays a critical role in the prosperity of host countries. As a result, research into the determinants that influence foreign direct investment seems to be more urgent than ever.
The objective of this thesis is to investigate the determinants of FDI inwards attraction in seven countries of the Association of Southeast Asia Nations by using a panel data approach. This thesis examines a sample of 7 specific countries of ASEAN in the period from 2005 and 2021, estimating 7 variables which are market size, foreign exchange rate, labor salaries, infrastructural development, economic openness, inflation rate, and financial development (explained in more detail below) by using Fixed Effects Model approach. Empirical results indicate that the variables of market size, foreign exchange rate, labor salaries, and economic openness have an impact on FDI inflows. Besides, this thesis has not yet found the influence of infrastructural development, inflation rate, and financial development on abroad capital flows.
Also, the author has not studied the backward effect of FDI inwards on the aforementioned factors which is a drawback of this thesis and needs to shed light on other research in the future. Keywords: foreign direct investment, exchange rate, market size, trade openness ii GUARANTEE This thesis is my own research work which I did under the supervision of Dr. Nguyen Duy Linh. In addition, the data and research conclusions presented in this thesis are completely truthful.
To the best of my knowledge, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by other people except where the reference is made in the thesis itself. Nguyen Khanh Duy iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The graduate thesis is a synthesis of the knowledge gained during the four- year study course at the Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City. In this process, I have established a valuable knowledge foundation as a result of experiencing teaching at the university. With that being said, I was conscientiously equipped to conduct this thesis.
Although I possess the required knowledge to carry out the thesis, I still have deficiencies that need to be pointed out and adjusted. Were there no assistance coming from teachers and friends, I would never be able to undertake this thesis promptly. Hence, this part is dedicated to expressing my gratitude towards every individual involved in helping me to conduct the thesis. First and foremost, I would like to wholeheartedly appreciate Dr.
Nguyen Duy Linh for helping me to formulate a categorical timetable to complete the thesis step by step. Additionally, I was also accompanied by his expertise in adjusting the layout of the thesis objectively and comprehensively. Therefore, I would like to express my appreciation to him for providing sincere feedback to steer me in the right direction in accomplishing my thesis adequately. I wish his blissful health to continue to mentor and achieve the desired objectives in the near future.
I would also like to express my genuine thanks to the teachers who are lecturing at Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City. During the learning process, with sophisticated and state-of-the-art teaching methods, the teachers were able to convey essential knowledge to me, as well as other students. Thanks to this, my knowledge base has been further consolidated to create a solid academic foundation to bolster this crucial thesis to bear fruit. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF TABLES. vii LIST OF FIGURES. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Reason for writing. Objective of the thesis. Subject and scope of the thesis. LITERATURE REVIEW AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH.
Literature review of foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment definition. Classification of foreign direct investment. The role of foreign direct investment.
Capital supplement for economic development. Acquisition of technology and managerial abilities. Job creation and individual worker training. Budget revenues trengthen.
Determinants of foreign direct investment attraction hypothesis. DATA AND METHODOLOGY OF THE THESIS. IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE MODEL RESULT……. Correlation variable test.
Thesis result and discussion. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS .49 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 The influence of selected variables on FDI inwards from empirical research summary .1 Variable definition and its expectation .1 Descriptive statistic of variables .2 Regression model results .3 Correlated Random Effects - Hausman Test .4 Autocorrelation test result .5 Multicolllinearity test result .6 Heteroskedasticity test result: White .7 Correlation variable matrix .8 Appropriate model result .34 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Detail research process .2 Determinants of FDI inflows .22 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 FDI Foreign direct investment 2 WB World Bank 3 UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 4 ADB Asian Development Bank 5 IMF International monetary fund 6 WTO World Trade Organization Organization for Economic – Corporation, and 7 OECD Development 8 GDP Gross Domestic Products 9 MNCs Multinational corporations 1 CHAPTER 1. Reason for writing Currently, International commerce and investment are days by day increasing dramatically. Developing countries are always seeking possibilities to invest in other countries in order to profit from competitive advantages in the cost of raw materials, natural resources, labor, science and technology, infrastructure, and tariffs… Emerging countries, on the other hand, are attempting to attract foreign direct investment for the purpose of generating employment, developing their economies, and taking advantage of other countries' scientific and technological breakthroughs with the intention of improvement in their stand, such as Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries, which have cheap labor and plentiful natural resources, must generate jobs and invest in modern technology.
As a result, several measures have been implemented to stimulate the influx of foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a form of international investment based on the process of capital movement between countries. As a result, FDI plays a critical role in creating opportunities for developing nations to access capital from abroad in exchange for domestic contributions. In countries with specific policies, FDI not only boosts the availability of investment capital but also encourages fostering technology transfer, promoting the accumulation of human capital which are determinants pursuing long-term objectives.
Not every country will be able to attract the necessary quantity of outside capital due to a variety of issues such as economy, politics, diseases. Over the past three years, in terms of FDI, have been extraordinary for ASEAN, specifically: 2019 witnessed the region's highest-ever inflows of $182 billion, making it the world's largest recipient of FDI which was contrary to 2020, 2021 saw an unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a 25% and 12% fall in FDI, to $137 billion and $120 billion, respectively. Despite the drop, ASEAN remained a desirable investment destination, with the region's share of global FDI increasing from 11. FDI inflows maintained more than twice as high as they were during the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, and nearly five times higher than the yearly average during the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) pandemic of 2002–2004 (UNCTAD and ASEAN Secretariat, 2021).
In the case of Vietnam, after participating in the WTO in 2007, Vietnam received a substantial amount of FDI inflow in 2008 with a registered capital of up to 64 billion USD which was three times greater than in 2007. However, for a variety of consequences, including the global financial crisis in 2008 and the European public debt crisis in 2010 FDI inflows into Vietnam declined dramatically from 2009 to 2012 before the steady recovering and fluctuating from 2013 to 2020 (during this period, Vietnam had officially overtaken Malaysia in term of FDI attraction in ASEAN regions, finishing in third place behind Singapore and Indonesia). Although the situation in Vietnam regarding the COVID-19 outbreak is more problematic in 2021 than it was in 2020, the accomplishments of luring FDI investment into Vietnam are still relatively positive. Particularly, the overall amount of freshly registered capital increased by 3.76% over the same period while the total adjusted registered capital also increased by 26.
Vietnam has received a total of 405.9 billion dollars in FDI projects which can be seen that Vietnam appears to maintain a considerable appeal to international investors despite the global investment market volatility. According to the information above, as well as the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic and changes in the global economic climate, how to attract FDI is a pressing issue that governments are constantly concerned about due to the different incentive programs exist based on the economic features and growth pace of each nation. To do so, policymakers must identify and understand which aspects most attract foreign investors, which is why the author's thesis titled "Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment attraction in 7 countries of Association of Southeast Asia Nations”. Thesis novelty This study was built on prior research which focuses on the influence of FDI in Vietnam or in a specific country.
However, in this thesis, the author has broadened the 3 research space to include seven ASEAN nations in a longer time span. Furthermore, the majority of earlier empirical research and articles just stated the results without delving into detail about the influence of the independent factors on FDI inflows. Thereby, this thesis will precisely clarify and give appropriate solutions in order to provide commenters with a broad picture of FDI in ASEAN nations. Objective of the thesis 1.
General objective This study is conducted with the aim of determining which factors influence the ability to attract FDI inwards into ASEAN countries. Also, assessing the impact of those factors on FDI attraction. Then, recommending appropriate macro policies in enhancing FDI attraction. Specific objective (i) Research on determinants of FDI attraction in ASEAN countries.
(ii) Measure the influence of these determinants on attracting FDI inflows. (iii) Propose and recommend policies to enhance the attraction of FDI inflows into ASEAN countries. Research question (i) Which determinants influence the attraction of FDI inflows in ASEAN countries? (ii) How do these determinants affect the FDI inflows? (iii) What policy implications does the thesis make for policymakers about the possibility of attracting FDI in ASEAN countries? 1. Subject and scope of the thesis 1.
Thesis subject The subject of this thesis is the attraction of foreign direct investment to 7 ASEAN countries and the determinants of FDI attraction include market size, trade openness, labor expenses, foreign exchange rate, infrastructure, financial development, and inflation rate. Thesis scope Space: This thesis proceeds by pooling 7 member countries of ASEAN. Time: The author chooses the time period from 2005 to 2021 for three purposes: Firstly, to ensure that the data for each selected variable is comprehensive. Secondly, to verify the sample size is large enough to produce highly reliable results.
Lastly, to evaluate the determinants influencing FDI inflows in the context of the economic crisis by comparing the 2008-2009 and 2020-2021 economic crises. Regression methodology All data for this study was gathered, processed, and collated from relevant and trustworthy research articles. For each experimental objective, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be measured quantitatively, supported by reliable and convincing data sources such as World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), UNCTAD Database, and the Department of Statistics of each mentioned country in this thesis.