THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ILHAM MULAWARMAN RECOVERY OF PALM OIL WASTEWATER THROUGH APPLICATION OF BACTERIA CONSORTIUM AT SRI ANDAL LESTARI FACTORY SOUTH SUMATRA INDONESIA Study Mode : Full-Time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Batch : 2016-2020 THAI NGUYEN, JUNE 2022 1 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Ilham Mulawarman Student ID DTN 1554290050 Recovery of Palm Oil Wastewater Through Application of Thesis Title Bacteria Consortium at Sri Andal Lestari Factory South Sumatra Indonesia Dr. Supervisor Prof Nguyen The Hung Abstract: Recovery of palm oil wastewater through application of bacteria consortium at Sri Andal Lestari factory South Sumatra Indonesia. The objecstudy's objectives were to characterize the bacteria consortium recovery oil palm mill wastewater, observe the changing of visual characteristics of recovery palm oil mill wastewater after the application of the bacteria consortium, and oil palm mill wastewater into standard water parameters. The research methodology were the isolated consortium bacteria from palm oil wastewater pond by plating on dish and followed visual observation on bacteria coloni such as color, shape, elevation, margin, size, appearance, optical property, texture, and pigmentation shape.
The visual of wastewater after being treated by bacteria observed in the jar bottle and erlenmeyer including color, odours, and turbidity. Recovery water index after being treated by bacteria consortium noted by measurement such pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD).The result showed that there were two genus of bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus. the first Pseudomonas was gram-negative, circular single colony, low convex of elevation, smooth margin, medium size, translucent in optical property, mucoid texture, yellow colony pigmentation, and thin long-rods cell. The second genus was Bacillus, which was gram positive, regular shape, flat elevation, entire margin, thin long-rods, bamboo appearance, property optical property, the texture rough, and white pigmentation.
In 6 days, there were 3 comparisons of concentration in (ml). First day, entire samples of odor were extremely strong. In day 3 the sample was declined, 10 ml treatment was the most significant decreased from 6 to 4.67 in average (strong), and control or 0 ml concentration no change at all. For the last observation in day 6 found that there were changing of all concentration.
0 ml/control decrease to (5.67) very strong, 5 ml number was 3 (distinct), and 10 ml decreased to 1. COD pre-treated was 42. Before treatment BOD was 11.400 mg/L to 746 mg/L. pH fro 4 to 6.
The consortium bacteria Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp were able to degrade palm oil mill effluent. Keywords Bacteria Consortium, Parameter, BOD, COD, NA Media, Palm Oil Mill Wastewater, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), Bacillus, Pseudomonas. Number of page 40 pages Date of 4th of June 2022 submission 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT All Praise be to Allah Subhanawata’ala the creator of the earth for the gracious mercy and tremendous blessing that enables me to accomplish this thesis entitled: Recovery of Palm Oil Wastewater in Palm Oil Mill Through Application of Bacteria Consortium at Sri Andal Lestari (SAL) Factory South Sumatra Indonesia. And to the honorable majesty Prophet Muhammad, may we all get intercession from him.
Appreciation and thanks to Mr. who has given his best to be my supervisor and a beloved mother Dr. Nurul Aryanti, MP. who has put all her love, affection, and attention to moral as well as the material.
I also thank dr. Rido Mulawarman, dr. Monica Trifriana and Hisham Mulawarman who really care about my study and gave me uncountable advice May Allah always bestow grace, health, gift, and blessings in the world and in the hereafter. Appreciation and thanks to Mr.
Prof Nguyen The Hung, I feel honored and proud that you as the vice director of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry and the director of AEP is willing to accommodate me as your guidance student. Especially Pak Hamdan, who helped me a lot in collecting the data and I have learned so many things about how the process of wastewater recovery at the factory. Lastly, a massive thanks to Ica, Dicky, and Rian who were always beside me during study at the university, I hope Allah will show us the way to a bright future which as shine as the great people. Importantly, we can bring the knowledge that we have learnt from the university to become a useful person for the country, nation, community, and religion.
Thai Nguyen, June, 19th, 2023 Sincerely ILHAM MULAWARMAN 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 3 LIST OF FIGURES. 6 LIST OF TABLES. Research Question and Hypotheses.
Significance of study. Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Palm Oil Mill History. Palm oil mill plantation.
Palm oil mill process. Palm oil mill effluent. Palm oil mill effluent management. Palm oil mill effluent process.
Palm oil mill effluent recovery. Consortium bacteria for recovery water effluent of palm oil mill. Bacteria for degrade palm oil mill effluent. Some bacteria for degraded palm oil mill effluent.
How bacteria degraded effluent. How to formulate bacteria for consortium. Time and Place. Instruments and Materials.
Character of bacteria consortium. Consortium bacteria changing the visual color and odor of pome. The standard main parameter to standard water parameters. Parameter observation protocol.
The charteristics of bacteria consortium colony by fenotip observation and morphology :. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Morphology of Bacteria. The visual of characters.
Recovery water index after treated by bacteria consortium. 46 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Unit operations in typical palm oil mill ……………………………… Figure 2. The isolated colony bacteria consortium from palm oil mill effluent (POME) Figure 3.
The odor assessment after treated with three different concentration of bacteria consortium Figure 4. The treated pome with the bacteria consortium 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The Research Progress of Recovery Palm Oil Effluent Mill at SAL Factory …. The parameter recovery of pome after treated with consortium bacteria……………… Table 3.
Quality of Raw POME, pre-treated POME and Treated POME……. Research Rationale South Sumatra Province is located at 1°- 4° South Latitude and 102°-106° East. This province has a wet tropical climate with average rainfall ranging from 1 - 650 mm per year. The average of air temperature ranges from 26.4°C, while the humidity is between 72% - 89%.
The temperature and the humidity of the region are suitable for palm oil plantations. Therefore, palm oil has been grown by some plantation companies. Hence, the government is encouraged to establish South Sumatra province as one of the big palm oil mill areas in Indonesia. The total area of oil palm plantations in South Sumatra reaches 1.1 million hectares, both managed by private and public companies (BPS, 2018).
Elaeis guineensis Jacq or palm oil is categorized as coconut (the Cocos). The genus Elaeis was named after Jacquin in 1763 who gave it to palm trees. Elaeis comes from the Greek word Elaion, which means oil, and the specific name guineensis indicates that Jacquin assigned it to the Guinea coast. The African and American oil palms, Elaeis guineensis and E.
Oleifera, are now the only two recognised species of Elaeis. WesselBoer (1965) renamed the third species, previously known as Barcella odora, Elaeis odora; it is not farmed, and little is known about it. The genetic distance 8 between E. odora and the other two species of Elaeis was similar (Corley & Tinker, 2015).
Palm oil fruit is usually found in the tropic area which is located at altitudes of down to 1600 feet above sea level. Furthermore, it contains a high number of carotenoids (pigments found in plants and animals) that give their red color and major characteristics of glycerides (Oktafor, 2015). The process of palm oil fruit or better known as fruit fresh bunch (FFB) in mill is covered through sterilization, threshing, digestion and pressing (Foong,. FFB is processed by mills into crude palm oil (CPO) and palm karnel oil (PKO), those are transformed to make some derivative products such as cooking oil, margarine, oleo-chemical, detergents, and cosmetics.
Currently, some countries have utilized it as feedstock for their energy supply from biofuels (Rifai et al. However, before the derivative product it will be shown the process of CPO which start from the sterilization process, sterilizing FFB is using steam for cooking the fruits. Through this process, the heat enters into the pericarp FFBs and makes certain chemical changes physically for the good oil. This is also for the inactivation of lipase enzyme to kill the unnecessary microorganisms such as free fatty acid.
The threshing station used to separate the palm fruits from palm bunches efficiently with a strong vibration by beating the fruit. Maintain the oil losses and karnel losses at below the recommended level, this provides a well-distributed beating area on the fruit. Digestion is the process of separating the palm oil in the fruit into breaking down of the oil-bearing cells. The digester is from a cylindrical vessel fitted rotating shaft carrying out a number of beaters.
Through the action of the rotating beater arms, the fruit is pounded. Forth, to apply in extracting oil from digested material there are 2 methods, first it can be 9 employed as mechanical presses so-called the “dry” method, and another system is “wet” method uses hot water to leach out the oil (Wampe, 2015). Palm oil mill produces several kinds of effluent both solid and liquid. the main liquid effluent is palm oil mill effluent (POME) (Winanti et al.
Pome is mostly produced in the mill during oil extraction, washing, and cleaning process, and it contains cellulose material, fat, oil, and grease. Then with the percentage mixed of 95- 96% water, 0.7% oil, and 4-5% solid (Bala et al, 2014). It is greatly polluting because that contains the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are both high (COD) are both high (Hadiyanto et al. One-ton empty fruit bunch (EFB) could produce approximately 0.8 m3 the effluent/POME.
Usually, the temperature of effluent that runout from the process is high, ranging between 70o– 80o C. Furthermore, the pH around 4. The Total Suspended Solid (TSS) ranges 0.55 g/liter, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is about 57.400 mg/liter (Winanti et al., 2019), BOD (Biological oxygen Demand) with the amount 25.000 mg/liter, then 4.000 mg/liter of oil and grease (Bala et al. Based on the water quality classification of Al-Diwaniyah Sewage Treatment Plant, in order to assess the effluent, the wastewater is categorized into 6 groups from excellent water amount to very polluted water, this unit is in mg/liter.
Firstly, <50 mg/L means excellent, 50 – 100 mg/L is good. However, 100 – 200 mg/L imply as poor, 200 – 300 mg/L as well as very poor, and there is the value that already contaminated with the amount of 300 – 400 mg/L, then the last one is very polluted approximately >400 mg/L. Furthermore, from the standard values of parameters of the effluent which 10 according IQS said that the normally the standard of COD is 100 mg/L, with BOD about 40 mg/L, and TSS is about 60 mg/L. Those amount are the standard of the good quality of water (Khudair et al., 2018) There are several methods to recover the water effluent in palm oil mill.
(Wafti et al., 2017) state that activated carbon (AC) can be used and that has been successfully applied in wastewater industry which clean the effluent. Then, chemical-biological sedimentation, coagulation-flocculation, solvent extraction, and membrane technology had been applied to solve this problem. However, they reported an unexpected result. The bacteria are the microorganisms that could have a significant impact on removing COD and changing in nutrient, pH, temperature, and have pollutant concentration that have been widely used for environmental safety from environmental pollution (Nwuche et al.