Advanced power plant materials, design and technology © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Related titles: Developments and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage technology: Volume 1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, transport and industrial applications (ISBN 978-1-84569-533-0) Volume 2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and utilisation (ISBN 978-1-84569-797-6) Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) is the one advanced technology that conventional power generation cannot do without. CCS technology reduces the carbon footprint of power plants by capturing and storing the CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels and biomass. Capture technology ranges from post- and pre-combustion capture to combustion-based capture. Storage options range from geological sequestration in deep saline aquifers and utilisation of CO2 for enhanced oil and gas recovery, to mineral carbonation and biofixation of CO2.
Volume 1 critically reviews carbon capture processes and technology applicable to the conventional power generation sector as well as other high-carbon-footprint industries. Volume 2 reviews carbon storage and utilisation, covering all the main geological, terrestrial and ocean sequestration options and their environmental impacts, as well as other advanced concepts such as utilisation and photocatalytic reduction. Generating power at high efficiency: Combined cycle technology for sustainable energy production (ISBN 978-1-84569-433-3) Combined cycle technology is used to generate power at one of the highest levels of efficiency of conventional power plants. It does this through primary generation from a gas turbine coupled with secondary generation from a steam turbine powered by primary exhaust heat.
Generating power at high efficiency thoroughly charts the development and implementation of this technology in power plants and looks to the future of the technology, noting the advantages of the most important technical features – including gas turbine, steam generator, combined heat and power and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) – with their latest applications. Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing materials books can be obtained by:. visiting our web site at www. contacting Customer Services (e-mail: sales@woodheadpublishing.com; fax: +44 (0) 1223 893694; tel.
130; address: Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK) If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; e-mail: francis. Please confirm which subject areas you are interested in. © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 5 Advanced power plant materials, design and technology Edited by Dermot Roddy CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Oxford Cambridge New Delhi © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK www.com Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India www.com Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA First published 2010, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC # Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 The authors have asserted their moral rights.
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Typeset by Data Standards Ltd, Frome, Somerset, UK Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, UK © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Contents Contributor contact details xi Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xv Preface xvii Part I Advanced power plant materials and designs 1 Advanced gas turbine materials, design and technology 3 J. FADOK, Siemens Energy Inc.2 Development of materials and coatings for gas turbines and turbine components 8 1.3 Higher temperature efficiency operation 15 1.4 Design for hydrogen-rich gases 21 1.5 Design to run at variable generation rates 26 1.7 Sources of further information 30 1.8 References 31 2 Gas-fired combined-cycle power plant design and technology 32 A. RAO, University of California, USA 2.2 Plant design and technology 36 2.3 Applicable criteria pollutants control technologies 41 2.4 CO2 emissions control technologies 42 2.5 Advantages and limitations of gas-fired combined-cycle plants 46 2.7 Sources of further information 52 2.8 References 52 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 vi Contents 3 Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant design and technology 54 Y. ZHU, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA; and H.
FREY, North Carolina State University, USA 3.1 Introduction: types of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants 54 3.2 IGCC plant design and main processes technologies 60 3.3 Applicable CO2 capture technologies 67 3.4 Applicable emissions control technologies 69 3.5 Advantages and limitations of coal IGCC plants 75 3.7 Sources of further information 83 3.8 References 83 4 Improving thermal cycle efficiency in advanced power plants: water and steam chemistry and materials performance 89 B. DOOLEY, Structural Integrity Associates, Inc. SVOBODA, Svoboda Consulting, Switzerland 4.2 Key characteristics of advanced thermal power cycles 91 4.3 Volatility, partitioning and solubility 93 4.4 Deposits and corrosion in the thermal cycle of a power plant 94 4.5 Water and steam chemistry in the thermal cycle with particular emphasis on supercritical and ultra-supercritical plant 100 4.6 Challenges for future ultra-supercritical power cycles 105 4.8 References 107 Part II Gas separation membranes, emissions handling, and instrumentation and control technology for advanced power plants 5 Advanced hydrogen (H2) gas separation membrane development for power plants 111 S. DOONG, UOP, a Honeywell Company, USA 5.2 Hydrogen membrane materials 113 5.3 Membrane system design and performance 121 5.4 Hydrogen membrane integration with power plant 125 5.5 Hydrogen storage and transportation 132 5.6 Future trends 133 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Contents vii 5.7 Sources of further information and advice 135 5.8 References 135 6 Advanced carbon dioxide (CO2) gas separation membrane development for power plants 143 A.
BASILE, Italian National Research Council, Italy; F. GALLUCCI, University of Twente, The Netherlands; and P. MORRONE, University of Calabria, Italy 6.2 Performance of membrane system 148 6.3 CO2 membrane materials and design 156 6.5 Design for power plant integration 169 6.7 Sources of further information 178 6.8 References 181 7 Advanced flue gas cleaning systems for sulfur oxides (SOx ), nitrogen oxides (NOx ) and mercury emissions control in power plants 187 S. FALCONE MILLER and B.
MILLER, The Pennsylvania State University, USA 7.2 Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) 189 7.3 Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) 203 7.4 Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) 207 7.5 Hybrid SNCR/SCR 208 7.6 Activated carbon injection systems 209 7.8 Sources of further information 215 7.9 References 215 8 Advanced flue gas dedusting systems and filters for ash and particulate emissions control in power plants 217 B. MILLER, The Pennsylvania State University, USA 8.2 Materials, design, and development for particulate control 219 8.6 Sources of further information 241 8.7 References 242 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 viii Contents 9 Advanced sensors for combustion monitoring in power plants: towards smart high-density sensor networks 244 M. GUPTA, University of Maryland, USA; and M. BRYDEN, Iowa State University, USA 9.5 Vision of smart sensor networks 255 9.6 Sensor information processing 260 9.9 References 262 10 Advanced monitoring and process control technology for coal-fired power plants 264 Y.
YAN, University of Kent, UK 10.2 Advanced sensors for on-line monitoring and measurement 266 10.5 Sources of further information 284 10.6 References 285 Part III Improving the fuel flexibility, environmental impact and generation performance of advanced power plants 11 Low-rank coal properties, upgrading and utilization for improving the fuel flexibility of advanced power plants 291 T. DLOUHÝ, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic 11.2 Properties of low-rank coal 292 11.3 Influence on design and efficiency of boilers 294 11.4 Low-rank coal preparation 294 11.5 Technologies of low-rank coal upgrading 296 11.6 Utilization of low-rank coal in advanced power plants 305 11.7 Future trends in coal upgrading 307 11.8 Sources of further information 309 11.10 References 310 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Contents ix 12 Biomass resources, fuel preparation and utilization for improving the fuel flexibility of advanced power plants 312 L. ROSENDAHL, Aalborg University, Denmark 12.2 Biomass types and conversion technologies 316 12.3 Chemical constituents in biomass fuels 320 12.4 Physical preparation of biomass fuels 324 12.5 Functional biomass mixes 329 12.7 References 330 13 Development and integration of underground coal gasification (UCG) for improving the environmental impact of advanced power plants 332 M. GREEN, UCG Engineering Ltd, UK 13.2 Brief history of UCG 334 13.3 The UCG process 335 13.4 Criteria for siting and geology 341 13.5 Drilling technologies and well construction for UCG 344 13.6 Integration with power plant 346 13.7 Environmental issues and benefits 350 13.9 Conclusion and future trends 358 13.10 Sources of further information 359 13.12 References 361 14 Development and application of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage for improving the environmental impact of advanced power plants 364 B.
MCPHERSON, The University of Utah, USA 14.2 Premise: capture and sequestration of CO2 from power plants 365 14.3 Fundamentals of subsurface CO2 flow and transport 366 14.4 Fundamentals of subsurface CO2 storage 368 14.5 Enhanced oil/gas and coalbed methane recovery 371 14.6 CO2 storage in deep saline formations 372 14.7 Comparison of storage options: oil/gas versus coal versus deep saline 372 14.8 General site selection criteria 373 14.9 Emissions versus potential subsurface storage capacity 375 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 x Contents 14.10 Sealing and monitoring to ensure CO2 containment 376 14.11 Alternatives to geologic storage 376 14.13 Sources of further information and advice 379 14.14 References 379 15 Advanced technologies for syngas and hydrogen (H2) production from fossil-fuel feedstocks in power plants 383 P. CHIESA, Politecnico di Milano, Italy 15.2 Syngas production from gas and light liquids 383 15.3 Syngas conversion and purification 393 15.4 Syngas and hydrogen from heavy feedstocks 399 15.5 Thermal balance of hydrogen production processes 403 15.7 Sources of further information 409 15.8 References 410 Index 412 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Contributor contact details (* = main contact) Chapter 3 Y. Zhu Editor Energy and Environmental D. Roddy Directorate Science City Professor of Energy Pacific Northwest National Director, Sir Joseph Swan Institute Laboratory Floor 3, Devonshire Building 902 Battelle Boulevard Newcastle University Richland Newcastle upon Tyne Washington 99354 NE1 7RU USA Email: dermot.uk Email: yunhua.
Frey* Department of Civil, Construction, J. Fadok and Environmental Engineering Project Director, Gas Turbine North Carolina State University Engineering Raleigh Siemens Energy, Inc. North Carolina 27695-7908 4400 Alafaya Trail USA MS Q3-039 Email: frey@ncsu.edu Orlando, Florida 32826 Email: joseph. Dooley* Chapter 2 Structural Integrity Associates, Inc.
Rao 2616 Chelsea Drive Advanced Power and Energy Charlotte, NC 28209 Program USA University of California Email: bdooley@structint.com Irvine, California 92697 R.