Ho Chi Minh City National University Ho Chi Minh City University of Technolog Faculty of Mechanics Engineering Department of Mechatronics Engineering BK TP.HCM Subject: Electrical & Electronic Equipment for Industrial Machinery AC Electric Circuit & Theory PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn = Introduction = Definition =" How to perform AC current = Power of AC current = Transformer = Natural Response of a Parallel RLC circuit = Natural Response of a Series RLC circuit PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.HCM Introduction > Abbreviation from French “Systtme Internatlonal đumtés”, established in 1960. > The SI Units are based on 7 defined quantities: length (m), mass (kg), time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount (mol), luminous intensity (cd).
> SI units enable engineers to communicate in a meaningful way about quantitative results. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn &> Derived units in SI Quantity Unit Name (Symbol) Formula Frequency hertz (Hz) “" Force newton (N) kg - m/ s Energy or work joule (J) N-m Power watt (W) J/s Electric charge coulomb (C) A-s Electric potential volt (V) J/C Electric resistance ohm (22) V/A Electric conductance siemens (S) A/V Electric capacitance farad (F) C/V Magnetic flux weber (Wb) V.s Inductance henry (H) Wb/A PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn & Prefixes to Signify Powers of 10 > Engineers often use powers divisible by 3, and base numbers between 1 and 1,000 Prefix Symbol Power atto a 10-13 femto f 107 centi c 10ˆ deci d 107! PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn & Prefixes to Signify Powers of 10 Prefix Symbol Power deka da 10 hecto h 10° tera - 102 PhD.
Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut. fy Passive Sign Convention > If the reference current through the element is in the direction of the reference voltage drop across the element, we can use a positive sign in the i-v relation of the element. Let the reference current and voltage of the resistor satisfy the passive sign convention, — we have v = +R x i, though the values of v, 1 can be >0 or <0. zt TH V T PhD.
Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn 3 Generation & Distribution of AC Power Power Station Power Transformers @ GENERATION @ TRANSMISSION Transmission Substation Distribution I Í Substation @ COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL @DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS CONSUMERS @ DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION DEVICES ? Se RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn <M Residential Wiring Step-down transformer Circuit Circuit = Circuit Wall of # | #2 #3 poe 120 V 120 V 240 V Switch ` Watt-hour meter PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn BK > Single Phase Three-Wire Residential Wiring To other houses aa a atc Black | (hot) B : | ; + 120 V 120 V Tor ! 120 V lights appliance | (neutral) w pris — | aur appliance | | — Ground lia app ! : R| !9Y | 120v 120V Red (hot) lights appliance | Transformer ! House PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn BK >7 Cround Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) Earth ground PhD.
Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn ; What is a Complex Number > A complex number z is a point (or vector) on a two-dimensional plane, known as the complex plane and represented by C. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut. = > Cartesian Coordinates > The Cartesian coordinates of z are - x = Re{z}: the real part of z - y =Im{z}: the imaginary part of z > The corresponding axes are known as the real and imaginary axes, respectively PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn BK = fy Polar Coordinates > The polar coordinates of z are - r =|z|: the modulus or magnitude of z - 8 =Zz: the angle of z Imaginary axis P(x, y) s Real axis PhD.
Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut. I > Converting Between Coordinates > The Cartesian coordinate pair (x, y) is also equivalent to the polar coordinate pair (r, 8) where r is the (non-negative) length of the vector corresponding to (x, y) and 0 is the angle of the vector relative to positive real time x=rcos@ * y=rsin@ ° Z=x+jJY =rcos 8+jrsin 8=r(cos 8 +7sin 8) © |z| =r =v(x?+y?) * tan@ = (y/x) * © =arctan(y/x)+ (0 or IT) (IT is added iff x is negative) PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.HCM Definition BK » What is Alternating Current coil rotated current _ maximum forward current number of turns + turn 1 turn maximum reverse current DOOD coil position L > Consider that a machine is constructed to rotate a set of wire coils with the turning of a shaft in the magnetic field. > In accordance with Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction, AC voltage will be produced across the wire coils when shaft is rotated.
Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn &> AC Waveform Vector rotation. > Voltage, current or flux signal and so on are related to time in sine function: - = V(t) =V,sin(wt + ¢) Ay = Am SIN(@t + ở) Pat — — — where toa aaa.: amplitude of voltage [VỊ ¬- Sinuseical Wavetoun in w: angular frequency [rad/s] _ the Time Domain ®: initial phase whent=0_ [rad] > Period T or frequency f of current, voltage are determined in the following: _ 20 1 Ww W T 2n [T] = [s] [f] = [Hz] [w] = [rad/s] PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn BK > AC Measurements OSCILLOSCOPE vertical RMS = 0. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn BK ca AC Measurements > Peak amplitude is the height of an AC waveform as measured from the zero mark to the highest positive or lowest negative point on a graph > Peak-to-peak amplitude is the total height of an AC waveform as measured from maximum positive to maximum negative peaks on a graph > A waveform’s average value is often calculated as the mathematical mean of all the points’ absolute values or flux signal > “RMS” stands for Root Mean Square, and is a way of expressing an AC quantity of voltage or current in terms functionally equivalent to DC PhD.
Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn BK ›» AC Phase Phase shift = 90 degrees Ais ahead of B (A “leads” B) Phase shift = 90 d > The two waves shown ees Bis ahead of A above (A versus B) are of (B “leads” A) the same amplitude and A Phase shift = 180 degrees frequency, but they are out - ¬ A and B waveforms are of step with each other. In B murror-images of each other technical terms, this is called a phase shift. Phase shift = 0 degrees A and B waveforms are in perfect step with each other PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.HCM How to Perform AC Current BK ca Vector and AC Waveform > Conditions to compare the different phase: When comparing the error of phase, the signals (sine current or voltage) need to satisfy the following conditions.
+ The same frequency of signals + Both of the signals are performed in sine (or cosine) Consider that there are two sine signals: VA = m1SÌn(60£ + Ø1) V2 = Vin2sin(wt + @2) If Aq is the error of phase, then it can be established as following: Ap = $1 — 2 Ag > 0: V, leads V, Ag <0: V, leads V, Ag =0: V, equals V, PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn fy Vector and AC Waveform Waveform Vector representation PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn na Vector and AC Waveform Waveforms Phase relations Vector representations (of "A" waveform with reference to "B" waveform) Phase shift = 0 degrees AB A and B waveforms are ——— AB in perfect step with each other A Phase shift = 90 degrees Ais ahead of B 90 degrees (A"leads"B) ————— ————= L. -B Phase shift=90 degrees — [------ =B B is ahead of A -90 degrees (B "leads" A) A Phase shift = 180 degrees 180 degrees A and B waveforms are A ——------ =B mirror-images of each other PhD.
Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn 5 How to Measure the Phase Shift ty T > Measure the period T between repeat. Digital scopes often measure f= 1/T automatically. > Measure t,, the smallest time difference between occurrences of the feature on the two waveforms. > The phase difference is then: ta — = 360° |lØi — Ø2| T PhD.
Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn BK > Vector Phase: Fresnel ® ™ > Consider that a point (named i as M) moves around the circle / (angular velocity w, radius R) x ° 0-2z / > Center point of a circle is \ _/ k z/2 NV” named as O ° > At t=0, the angle between fr OM and x axis is @p 3z/2 > At time t, the angle between OM and x axis is a We have, Œ = @f + (0 > The coordinate of M point in XY Descartes can be described: Xy = R cos(at + @) yu =R sin(ot + ©) > In accordance with Fresnel, there is a relationship between sine AC and vector phase V = Vy, sin(at + @) hay V = V,, cos(@t + @) PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn na Addition of Two Phasors V; sin(ot *4) —+—=—=—=———— a ae tủ V;= 30V > Consider that two signals V, and V, are illustrated as following Vi = Vi msin(wt + ở) = 20sin(øt£ + ở) Ứ; = Ứ;wsin(øt£) = 30sin(wt) > Assume that V, is the sum vector of V, and V,, we can obtain V, in the following method PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn fy Addition of Two Phasors 43.32V V;=30V Horizontal _ component = 40V > Consider that two signals V, and V, are illustrated as following > V, of 30 volts in the reference direction along the horizontal zero axis, then it has a horizontal component but no vertical component > V_ of 20 volts leads V, by 60° then, it has both horizontal and vertical components (V, = 10 + j17. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn na Addition of Two Phasors > The resultant voltage, VT is found by adding together the horizontal and vertical components as follows.
© Visorizontal = Sum of real parts of V, and V, =30 + 10 = 40 volts © Vvertica| = Sum of imaginary parts of V, and V, =O + 17. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.HCM Power of AC Current BK fy Instantaneous Power > “Instantaneous” power is the product of the instantaneous terminal voltage and current p(t) = tv(t) - i(t) > Positive sign is used if the passive sign convention is satisfied (current is in the direction of voltage drop) PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn = Sinusoidal Power Formula Absolute timing is unimportant v(t) = Ve cos( at + ó).xnn89 984 na cos + vale cos(2a@t + 0) TOC RTT RTT Ree c.sssssssssssssssssssesssss99000066 *rnnssssaeennsasssnnnS® Constant, P„„ Oscillating at frequency 2@ PhD. Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn & Relation among i(t), v(t), p(t) PhD.
Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn fy Average Power & Reactive Power VI Tạ p() = 2. COS Ó +—” In ”cos(2at+@) = „ c. + c0S2ø cosØ — sin 2a sin ý) ° In-phase ' Qưadraburo where P= cos @, || O= sin @. Average power || Reactive power (volt- (watt, or W) ampere reactive, or VAR) PhD.
Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn & Relation Among Components of Power in-phase: P(1+cos2@/) v's 0 r ZL PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.vn m The power transformed from electric to non- electric energy or vice versa. = The average of instantaneous power p(f). m The average of P(1+cos2@f), which is a power component in-phase with the current i(¢).
= The circuit dissipates (delivers) electric energy if P>0(P<0). Ngo Ha Quang Thinh, nhqthinh@hcmut. = > What is Reactive Power m The power exchanged among (1) the magnetic field in an inductor, (2) the electric field in a capacitor, and (3) the electric source.