UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS CORPORATE INCOME TAXES AND FIRMS’ FINANCING DECISIONS: THE CASE OF VIETNAMESE TAX INCENTIVES BY PHAM NGUYEN QUANG HOA MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2017 1 123doc UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS CORPORATE INCOME TAXES AND FIRMS’ FINANCING DECISIONS: THE CASE OF VIETNAMESE TAX INCENTIVES A thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS BY PHAM NGUYEN QUANG HOA ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR Prof. Dr NGUYEN TRONG HOAI HO CHI MINH CITY, December 2017 2 123doc CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Taxes and Corporate Financial Decisions: The Case of Vietnamese Tax Incentives”, which is submitted by me in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics to Viet Nam – The Netherlands Programme (VNP). To the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe on anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotation, or any other material from the work of other researchers in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledge in accordance with the standard referencing practices. PHAM NGUYEN QUANG HOA 3 123doc ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr.
Nguyen Trong Hoai for his comprehensive guidance, great support and valuable advice he has given through my research study. I have been very lucky to a supervisor who took a high cared about my work and who respond to my question. He consistently allowed this paper to be my work but steered me in the right the direction whenever he thought I needed it. His careful editing contributed enormously to the production of this thesis.
I also would like to thank my co-supervisor Dr. Truong Dang Thuy for his enthusiastic support, availability and constructive suggestion, which help me overcome the challenge and high-pressured situation during the time of research. I would like to express my gratitude to all lecturers of the Vietnam- Netherlands Program who have provided an interesting lesson to build my economic knowledge during this program. Besides, completing this work would have been difficult if it is not supported by my best friends.
I am indebted to them for their help. Moreover, I wish to thank all my friends who are in VNP 21 who share unforgettable memories in this program. Finally, there are also words of deep gratitude for my family who support and encourage me when I implement my postgraduate studies. Pham Nguyen Quang Hoa December, 2017 4 123doc ABSTRACT Based on the tax incentives policy enacted by Vietnamese Government in the year 2004, this paper applies Difference in Difference method and compares the debt- equity ratio of treatment and un-treatment (control) companies before and after this policy to determine the impact of corporate taxes’ change on firm’s capital structure.
The treatment group is state enterprises and otherwise is control group. The data is collected in the period from 2001 to 2007, therein data related to the period 2001- 2003 is pre-treatment data and those in the period 2004-2007 is post- treatment date. Similar to prior capital’s literature, the empirical results expose that that taxation actually has impact on leverage. The measured impact is approximately -4.1 percentage point, meaning that with the introduction of incentive tax policy, the debt ratio of companies reduces more than 4 percentage point.
The evidences also indicate that the large companies absorb the effect of tax change more than Small and Medium Enterprises and also are high significant level. 5 123doc LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Variables’ definitions and measurement.23 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics and Means Differences for the period 2001-2007 .28 Table 3: Descriptive Statistics and Means Differences for the year 2003 .29 Table 4: Impact of Taxation on Company’s Capital Structure .34 Table 5: Small and Medium Enterprises versus Large Companies .36 6 123doc LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The mechanism of the relationship between taxes change and financial Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Font color: Auto structure .18 Figure 12: The difference between two groups after exogenous event .22 Figure 3: Common trend over time Figure 3- Panel A: Leverage .30 Figure 3- Panel B: Assets .30 Figure 3- Panel C: Labor .46 Figure 3- Panel D: Liquidity Ratio .46 Figure 3- Panel E: Investment .47 Figure 3- Panel F: Tangibility .47 Figure 3- Panel G: Profitability.48 Figure 3- Panel H: ROE .48 Figure 3- Panel I: Profit Margin .49 Figure 3- Panel K: Inventories Turnover .49 Figure 4- Bivariate Analysis Figure 4- Panel A: Leverage- Assets .50 Figure 4- Panel B: Leverage- Labor .51 Figure 4- Panel C: Leverage- Liquidity Ratio .52 Figure 4- Panel D: Leverage- Investment .53 Figure 4- Panel E: Leverage- Tangibility .54 Figure 4- Panel F: Leverage- Profitability .55 Figure 4- Panel G: Leverage- ROE .56 Figure 4- Panel H: Leverage- Profit Margin .57 Figure 4- Panel I: Leverage- Inventories Turnover .58 7 123doc LIST OF APPENDICES ANNPENDIX A1: FIXED EFFECT TEST.59 ANNPENDIX A2: RANDOM EFFECT TEST.60 ANNPENDIX A3: HAUSMAN TEST .61 8 123doc CONTENS CHAPTER 1. Organization of the study. Tax changes are observed over a long period.
Tax change is considered as an exogenous event. Measurements of capital structure and several elements have impact on capital structure. Measurements of cCapital structure. The impact of several elements on capital structure.
Two main methodologies and empirical results regarding the effect of tax changes on capital structure’s decision in prior researches. Two main methodologies in prior researches. Empirical results in prior researches’ summary. 24 CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODOLOGY.
28 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Impact of Corporate Tax Incentives on firms’ capital structure .2 Impact on Small and Medium Enterprises versus Large Companies .3 Discussion of research results. 47 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS. Limitation of the study. Problem statement If a business has used debt in its capital structure and the amount of the debt within the permitted level that the lenders cannot demand a higher interest rate, it will take advantage from the debt tax shield.
Since the cost of lending (proxied by interest) is deducted before calculating taxable profits, reduce profits, thereby, reduces the corporation tax of income that businesses must pay. Some studies found the empirical evidences to support that taxes do effect on capital structure. However, it exists not less debates around this theory. From the very first days of capital theories, Modigliani and Miller (1958), Miller (1977) and DeAngelo and Masulis (1980) desired to measure the impact of debt tax shield on corporate financial decisions.
They found the evidences suggesting that the more companies use debt to finance business, the more their own capital structures change related to tax benefit. To the recent papers (Panier, Perez-Gonzales, and Villanueva, 2012; Princen, 2012; Faccio, Xu, 2015; …), these authors supply empirical results that tax benefit from debt tax shield effects firms’ leverage. Princen (2012) used Difference in Difference model for the period 2001- 2007 to present that an equal tax treatment between debt and equity encouraging companies to use 2-7 percent less debt than a traditional tax system. Panier, Perez-Gonzales and Villanueva (2012) approached in another aspect that is the equity ratio (the ratio between equity value and total assets) and showed the equity ratio of Belgium firms substantially rising from 32.6 percent in 2004 and 2005 to 34.2 percent in two following years.
In this case, 2004 is the year the tax reform had been valid. Vietnamese corporate tax rules can be considered as a traditional tax system (Graham, 2003). Companies are taxed on their profits (the business income less the costs to generate that income). Those business that related costs included in the interest paid as return to the creditors.
Since these interest expenses reduces taxation income (tax deductibility). However, the returns to shareholders or 10 123doc dividends are included in the taxable base and are taxed. On November 16th 2004, Vietnamese government enacted the Decree No.187/2004/NĐ-CP regarding to “Transferring state enterprises to joint stock companies”. There was a preferential tax policy (corporate tax) applied for state enterprises performing equitization.
Particularly, according to Term 1, Article 36 of this Decree, after- equitization enterprises are entitled to the incentives exactly like new business establishment according to the current Vietnamese law which is the Decree No.164/2003/NĐ-CP valid on December 22nd 2003 regarding “Detailed regulations on the implementation of corporate income tax law”. Whereby, the income corporate tax ratio for business establishments was 28 percent (Term 1, Article 9) and preferential tax ratio applied for new business establishments was 10-20 percent depending on geographical areas and industry fields (Term 33). Hence, the income corporate tax ratio for state enterprises performing equitization was reduce 08-18 percent after the introduction of Decree No. Several forms of equitization that companies might conduct including: firstly, maintaining the current state capital and issuing more firms’ shares; secondly, selling a part of state capital and associated with issuing more firms’ shares; thirdly, selling all state capital and associated with issuing more firms’ shares.
On February 14th 2007, the Decree No. 24/2007/NĐ-CP (from the Term 2, Article 46) regarding “Detailed regulations on the implementation of corporate income tax law” had rejected the tax incentives for state enterprises transferring joint stock companies as ruled in the Term 1, Article 36 of Decree No. Therefore, the joint stock companies that had been established from equitization state enterprises before the expired date of the Decree No. 24/2007/NĐ-CP expired, continued to take advantage from tax incentives for the remained time.
By the other word, the state enterprises transferring joint stock companies established after February 14th 2007 could not have benefit from tax intensives. 11 123doc This study develops a model to investigate the impact of this tax reform on Vietnamese firms’ leverage. The empirical results from this model display that further to preferential tax rates, companies reduce their own leverage. Difference in Difference identification strategy is used to compare the leverages of two groups, therein state enterprises are determined the treated group and the remaining companies play the control group.
The period of time from 2001 to 2007 is divided into two stages, the sample related to the period 2001 to 2003 belongs to the pre-treatment data and those in the period 2004- 2007 is the post- treatment data. Deriving from the controversy surrounding the effect of tax changes on firms’ capital structures and an ideal historical event in Vietnam as mentioned above, this study desires to answer these questions following: First, does it exist the relationship between preferential tax policy and corporate financing decisions and if it does exist, is it a positive or negative relationship? Second, does the Large Companies or Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) adjust their own leverage ratios more to the tax changes? 1. Research objectives There are two crucial research objectives of this study. Firstly, investigating the effects of preferential tax policytax changes on companies’ capital structures.
Secondly, determining which type of companies respond their own financial decisions to tax changes more, among Large Companies and SMEs. Organization of the study The remainder of this study is organized as follows. In chapter 2, I review several previous researches including the main approaches to define the tax changes; several measurements of capital structure and listing some different elements that have impact on capital structure’s decision; briefly describing two popular methodologies applied in regressions and accentuating the empirical results 12 123doc regarding the effect of tax changes on capital structure’s decision. Chapter 3 is research methodology and data.
This chapter discusses the identification strategy and establishes empirical specification. Chapter 4 reports the main regression results and Chapter 5 concludes the discussions.