MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY TRAN DANG BAO TRAN IMPACT OF BASIC MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE EXCHANGE RATE IN VIET NAM GRADUATION DISSERTATION MAJOR: FINANCE - BANKING CODE: 7340201 HO CHI MINH CITY, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY TRAN DANG BAO TRAN IMPACT OF BASIC MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE EXCHANGE RATE IN VIET NAM GRADUATION DISSERTATION MAJOR: FINANCE - BANKING CODE: 7340201 SUPERVISOR DR. HA VAN DUNG HO CHI MINH CITY, 2018 I ABSTRACT This dissertation studies the impact of basic macroeconomic factors on the exchange rate in Vietnam and build regression model for estimating exchange rate. Based on the quarterly data from the first quarter of 2000 to the fourth quarter of 2015 and the research variables include: exchange rates between VND and USD, economic growth (gross domestic product) , inflation (consumer price index), interest rate (deposit rate). Firstly, the thesis will explore the theory of selected variables and, at the same time, the author also learns the theory of the relationship between selected macro variables and the exchange rate.
The thesis also refers, using previous relevant documents, to make hypotheses about the impact direction of macro variables to exchange rates and build research model based on previous research study. Secondly, the study uses matrix correlation to examine the correlation between variables. Next, the thesis uses the Augmented Dickey-Fuller method to test the stationary of the time series. Then, the thesis uses the VAR model to assess the impact of macro variables on the exchange rate.
The empirical results show that the variables that have a statistically significant effect on the explanatory variables which are the macro factors and dependent variable which is the exchange rate. At the same time, the thesis also provides the direction of impact of macro factors on exchange rate through impulse response function method, the results are in the following order: economic growth has a positive impact on the exchange rate, the interest rate has the opposite effect to the exchange rate and the consumer price index has the opposite effect to the exchange rate. II DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY This dissertation is my own research, the results and data collection of which are true, without prior publication of content or other content that is performed by others except for the references are cited in full source in the thesis. Ho Chi Minh, December, 2018 Tran Dang Bao Tran III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I want to send my gratitude and respect to Dr.
Ha Van Dung for his sharing, understandings and considerate supports to give me useful recommendations and guidances during my study. Finally, best regards to my lecturers, my friends, my classmates and my beloved BUH for their sharing and supports during my Bachelor program. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. I DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY.
III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. VII LIST OF TABLES. VIII LIST OF FIGURE. IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
The necessity of the thesis. The research subject and scope of the study. The research subject. Scope of study.
The scientific contribution. The practical contribution.5 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH. Theory of exchange rate. The concept of exchange rate.
Types of exchange rates. Nominal exchange rate. Real exchange rate. Bilateral real exchnage rate (BRER).
Real effective exchange rate (REER). The relationship between the exchange rate and macroeconmic factors and previous researchs. The realtionship between the exchange rate and economic growth. The relationship between interest rate and the exchange rate.
The relationship between inflation and exchange rates .26 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Steps of data analysis and estimation .34 CHAPTER 4: EMPIRICAL RESULTS. Test of stationatity. The result of VAR model.
The stability of the model. Granger causality test. Impulse response function (IRF) .46 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 53 APPENDIX 1: Research data.
53 APPENDIX 2: The correlation of variables. 55 APPENDIX 3: The stationary of variables. 55 APPENDIX 4: Optimal delay selection results according to information standards. 58 APPENDIX 5: The VAR model results.
58 APPENDIX 6: Inverse Roots of AR Characteristic Polynomial. 61 APPENDIX 7: Autocorrelation test of residual. 61 APPENDIX 8: Granger causality test results. 62 APPENDIX 9: The response of exchange rate to macroeconomic factors.
63 VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADF Augmented Dickey-Fuller BRER Bilateral Real Exchange Rate CPI Consumer Price Index EUR European's common currency FED Federal Reserve System GDP Gross Domestic Production IFS International Financial Statistics IMF International Money Fund IRF Impulse Response Function LM Lagrange Multiplier MRER Multilateral Real Exchange Rate PPP Purchasing Power Parity Q Quarter REER Real Effective Exchange Rate USD United States Dollar SBV State Bank of Vietnam VAR Vector Autoregression VND Vietnam Dong WTO World Trade Organization VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Summary of prior studies. The correlation between macroeconomic factors with exchange rate. Describe the variables in the model.
The Granger causality test hypothesis. Test of stationarity. Test of stationarity after taking the first difference level. Result of matrix correlation test.
Optimal latency option for VAR model. The result of LM test. The result of Granger test. 42 IX LIST OF FIGURE Figure 3.
The process of research. The results of VAR model. Response of exchange rate to macroeconomic factors. The necessity of the thesis The exchange rate is defined as the number of units of domestic currency, the need to buy one unit of foreign currency.
In other words, the exchange rate at which one currency in one country can be exchanged for other currencies. The exchange rate is very important, because it allows for the conversion of national currency into another, thus it can facilitate international trade for goods and services and the transfer of funds between countries and it also allows comparison of prices of goods at the same in different countries. Its also play an important role in measuring competitiveness for the international trade balance, through increased import and export and private investment. Exchange rates are a frequently volatile and unpredictable value.
It affects the economy and people's daily lives because when the value of the domestic currency increases, domestic goods become more expensive than foreign goods (Mankiw, 2012; Mishkin and Matthews and Giuliodori, 2013). An imbalance in exchange rate could lead to a country's currency being priced higher or lower than its real value. When the currency of a country is valued high or low, it will affect the Government's objective in managing its macro economy. With the current trend of open trade, the exchange rate is a major tool that increases the likelihood of an economy going through market prices.
In addition, the dollar is the strongest currency in the world, accounting for 80% of transactions in the foreign exchange market using the dollar (Bloomberg). Thus, in the study, people often use real exchange rate variables to measure competition in the field of international trade of a country (Korsu and Braima, 2011). In the process of regulating the exchange rates of policy makers and the central bank, it is a great challenge to understand the volatility of exchange rates. There are a number of studies around the world that examine the factors that influence the real exchange rate in order to accurately forecast exchange rate fluctuations, but what macroeconomic factors really impact and affect the most exchange rate? In addition, many authors have been debating the liner or non – linner relationship between 2 macroeconomic factors and the exchange rate (Mykhalova et al, 2013).
Thus, by studying the impact of macroeconomic factors on the real exchange rate, policy makers as well as the central bank can make decisions and options that suitable for the economy. There have been many studies on the impact of macroeconomic factors on the exchange rate, but the selection of the macroeconomic variables of the author are not the same, many authors choose only one factors to study the impact on the exchange rate while others choose many macroeconomic variables to examine their impact on the exchange rate, however, the results are not the same depending on the country or the time of study. In a globalized market economy, expanding trade relations with other countries is essential. Issues such as payment, comparison, valuation, valuation of value and economic performance are becoming more complex and a trade-off is needed.
So the exchange rate becomes an integral part of the relationship between nations. In Vietnam, the expansion of foreign trade relationships requires commercial banks to develop their international payment, monetary and banking relationships. Therefore, the exchange rate is always very much interested and there are many different opinions on how to operate the exchange rate: some suggested that the SBV should continue to devaluate the currency to help increase the competitiveness of export goods or to completely float to the market to decide, in addition, there are opinions that should continue to try fixed rates so as not to affect inflation and stabilize macro variables of the economy. From this it can be seen that the exchange rate is a very sensitive and complex economic category.
In Vietnam, after 20 years of economic achievements, the economy has made steady progress, creating momentum for the new century of the country. From 1999 to 2000, our country has achieved a high growth rate. And in the period of 2000 – 2005, the economic structure has changed considerably, the resources of economic development have been better mobilized and more comparative advantages have been made in each branch and region. The competitiveness of the economy is improved.
3 Viet Nam has joined the international economic cooperation in key economic fields such as trade, services, labor, technology, etc. In particular, Vietnam has joined the Association of Nations Southeast Asia (ASEAN), the WTO, has constantly expanded bilateral economic relations and progressed to join the global economy. However, Vietnam also encountered many difficulties and challenges such as trade deficit, high inflation, foreign debt, etc., have been causing a lot of pressure to change the exchange rate. in the past years, specially, the crisis in 2008 – 2009.
After the crisis, the world economy is on a slow recovery. Although the double-dip recession did not happen as some experts have predicted, the continual crisis in countries or regions over the years has made the goal of recovering growth before the crisis happened, going to be difficult. The context of the world economy continues to evolve complexly. Contradictions in many places have had a strong impact on the foreign exchange market as well as in Vietnam.
In Vietnam, the SBV continued to pursue a policy of maintaining stable exchange rates within acceptable limits. It is imperative to have a comprehensive view of the macroeconomic factors influencing exchange rates as well as their impact on the exchange rate, through which the SBV can use monetary policy instruments as well as necessary solutions to stabilize the exchange rate and the domestic economy. Therefore, I would like to select my thesis topic "Impact of basic macroeconomic factors on the exchange rate in Vietnam" and conduct research in the period 2000 to 2015, because this is the most recent data available to provide the most accurate, best forecasts and the most reliable scientific evidences as the basis the reference for the administration of exchange rate policy in Vietnam. Research objectives The objective of this thesis is to clarify the impact of basic macroeconomic factors on the real exchange rate in Vietnam and its direction of impact as well as to provide empirical evidence of that impact.