BANKING ACADEMY ----------------------- GRADUATION THESIS ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF MACRO AND MICRO ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ON THE NON-PERFORMING LOAN RATIOS AT COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM DURING THE COVID-19 ERA Supervisor: Dr. Tran Thi Thu Huong Student name: Nguyen Huy Hoang Student code: 23A4010898 Class: K23CLC-NHA Faculty: Banking HÀ NỘI, 2024 BANKING ACADEMY ----------------------- GRADUATION THESIS ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF MACRO AND MICRO ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ON THE NON-PERFORMING LOAN RATIOS AT COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM DURING THE COVID-19 ERA Supervisor: Dr. Tran Thi Thu Huong Student name: Nguyen Huy Hoang Student code: 23A4010898 Class: K23CLC-NHA Faculty: Banking HÀ NỘI, 2024 DECLARATION I, Nguyen Huy Hoang, Declarate that this Graduation Thesis with the title of: “ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF MACRO AND MICRO ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ON THE NON-PERFORMING LOAN RATIOS AT COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM DURING THE COVID-19 ERA” is my original work. It is done by myself and under the guidance and supervision of Dr.
Tran Thi Thu Huong, lecturer of the Faculty of Banking at Banking Academy of Vietnam. I certify that the content of my thesis is created fully by my own ability unless the content that was cited and referenced. Any sources of information, data, or ideas used in this thesis are duly acknowledged and cited in the appropriate manner following the prescribed referencing style. Hanoi, May 06𝑡ℎ , 2024 Nguyen Huy Hoang Nguyễn Huy Hoàng i 2024 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to everyone who played a role in the successful completion of my thesis titled "Analysis of the Impact of Macro and Micro Economic Fluctuations on the Non-Performing Loan Ratios at Commercial Banks in Vietnam During the COVID-19 Era." First and foremost, my deepest appreciation goes to Dr.
Tran Thi Thu Huong, a lecturer of Banking Faculty of Banking Academy. Her invaluable guidance and insightful feedback were crucial in refining my research and elevating its quality. Additionally, I am grateful for the dedication and enthusiasm of all the lecturers at the Banking Academy, especially those in the Faculty of Banking, who have enriched my academic experience. I also owe a debt of gratitude to my colleagues and friends, whose consistent support sustained me throughout my research process.
Lastly, my profound gratitude goes to my family, whose unwavering support and understanding have been the cornerstone of my academic endeavors. Their love and encouragement remain my perennial source of motivation and inspiration. I am thankful for the chance to conduct this research and for the support and guidance I received throughout the process. This thesis could not have been realized without the combined efforts of those mentioned earlier.
I appreciate all of your invaluable contributions. Thank you to everyone involved. Hanoi, May 06𝑡ℎ , 2024 Nguyen Huy Hoang Nguyễn Huy Hoàng ii 2024 TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION. 1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
1 LIST OF TABLE. 1 LIST OF FIGURE. Interest of research. Objects and scope of the research.
Structure of the research. 4 CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. An overview of Non-performing loans (NPL). Microeconomics Factor affecting Non-performing loans.
Macroeconomics Factor affecting Non-performing loans. 21 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER I. 26 Nguyễn Huy Hoàng iii 2024 CHAPTER II: THE CURRENT STATUS OF NON - PERFORMING LOANS IN VIETNAM BANKING SYSTEM. An overview of Vietnam Economic.
Gross domestic product. An overview of Vietnam commercial banks. The number of commercial banks. Total assets of commercial banks.
The total loan growth of commercial bank. An overview of Non-performing loan. Non-performing loan of Vietnam Banking system. The Current status of Non-performing loans in Commercial banking sector.
37 CHAPTER III: DATABASE AND RESEARCH METHOD. Research Model selection. Description of variables and hypotheses. Evaluation of variable selection in regression analyses.
Analysis of the result. 66 Nguyễn Huy Hoàng iv 2024 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER III. 70 CHAPTER IV: RECOMMENDATION AND SOLUTION TO HANDLE THE NON-PERFORMING LOAN IN VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANK. Non-performing loan Management Solutions.
Expanding Bank Scale and Optimizing Capital Structure. Strict Credit Growth Management. Enhancing Bad Debt Coverage. Balancing Profit Growth and Risk Management Objectives.
Monitoring Macroeconomic Fluctuations. Limitation of the research. 74 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER IV. 89 Nguyễn Huy Hoàng v 2024 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS No.
Abbreviation Meaning 1 COVID-19 Corona Virus Disease 2019 2 GLS Generalized Least Squares 3 FEM Fix effect model 4 REM Random effects model 5 NPLs Non-performing loans 6 ROA Return on Asset 7 ROE Return on equity 8 LTA Loan to Asset ratio 9 LG Loan Growth 10 GMM Generalized method of moment 11 GDP Gross domestic product 12 PD Public debt 13 L.NPL Last year Non-performing loans 14 IR Interest rate 15 SIZE Bank’s Size 16 INF Inflation rate 17 IPI industrial production index 18 UN Unemployment rate 19 M2 Money supply 20 CPI Consumer price index 21 CAPM Capital asset pricing model 22 WB World bank Nguyễn Huy Hoàng vi 2024 23 IMF International Monetary Fund Basel Committee on Banking 24 BCBS Supervision 25 ECB The European Central Bank International Financial Reporting 26 IFRS Standards Generally accepted accounting 27 GAAP principles 28 DCR Debt coverage ratio 29 DR Debt to risk ratio Organization for Economic 30 OECD Cooperation and Development 31 SBV State bank of Vietnam 32 VND Vietnam Dong currency Nguyễn Huy Hoàng vii 2024 LIST OF TABLE Table Page Table 2.1: Number of commercial banks in Vietnam over the decade 32 Table 2.2: Ratio of NPLs Over Total Loan Outstanding by quarter in 35 Vietnam banking system Table 2.3: Overview of Non-performing loans of 28 commercial banks 37 in 2023 Table 3.1: Description of variables used in the thesis’s model 48 Table 3.2: Descriptive statistics of variables in the research 49 Table 3.3: Correlation matrix table between independent variables 53 Table 3.4: multicollinearity test 54 Table 3.5: OLS, FEM, REM regression results 55 Table 3.6: Breusch–Pagan/Cook–Weisberg test 57 Table 3.7: Hausman test For comparison of FEM and REM 58 Table 3.8: Heteroscedasticity test 60 Table 3.9: Autocorrelation test 60 Table 3.10: Model estimation results using the GLS method 60 Nguyễn Huy Hoàng viii 2024 LIST OF FIGURE Figure Page Figure 2.1: GDP growth rate of Vietnam 28 Figure 2.2: Inflation rate of Vietnam 29 Figure 2.3: The unemployment rate of Vietnam 31 Figure 2.4: Total Asset of Vietnam Banking System 34 Figure 2.5: Total Loan Growth Vietnam Banking System 35 Nguyễn Huy Hoàng ix 2024 I. Interest of research In recent years, Vietnam's economy, like many others in Southeast Asia, has faced significant challenges triggered by global events, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has not only directly impacted public health but also profoundly affected all sectors of economic and social life, including the financial sector, particularly commercial banking. Vietnamese banks have encountered severe difficulties, highlighted by a rise in non-performing loans, raising concerns about financial stability and the banking system's resilience to economic shocks.
According to a 2020 finance ministry report, the first quarter of that year saw a sharp increase in non-performing loans among many banks. Kienlongbank experienced a worrisome surge, with bad debts increasing by 5. Additionally, TPbank's bad debts grew by 53%, reaching 1.884 trillion VND, particularly in the severely delinquent loans category, which grew by 61% to 771 billion VND. Other banks like SeABank and VIB also reported significant increases in their bad loan ratios.
These bad debts were primarily triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, but other overlapping factors contributed to the collapse of many loans, creating hard-to-recover debt groups. Beyond the pandemic, external economic impacts also played a role in affecting the credit quality of the banking sector. The urgency of the study "Analysis of the Impact of Macro and Micro Economic Fluctuations on the Non-Performing Loan Ratios at Commercial Banks in Vietnam During the COVID-19 Era" stems from the critical need to fully and accurately assess the impacts of the pandemic and other macroeconomic factors on credit quality in the banking system. This research not only aims to provide deep insights into the relationship between macroeconomic dynamics and credit quality through non- performing loan ratios but also helps commercial banks and regulatory bodies evaluate the effectiveness of applied credit risk management measures, thereby proposing more Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 1 2024 appropriate risk management strategies and credit quality improvement tactics for the current and future context.
Objectives This study investigates the effects of macroeconomic and microeconomic fluctuations on the rate of non-performing loans before, during, and after the COVID-19 period. This research is valuable for shaping future macroeconomic policies, financial and monetary policies, aiming to minimize adverse impacts on the banking system and the broader economy. Thus, the study is not only of theoretical significance but also offers high practical value in supporting decision-making and policy formulation for banks and financial and central banking authorities. Research question ● How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected the non-performing loans of commercial banks in Vietnam ? ● Does the effect on non-performing loans comes from banks specific factors or macroeconomic factors ? ● Does the COVID-19 pandemic affect the non-performing loans of Vietnamese banks ? ● How have macroeconomic fluctuations influenced the non-performing loan ratios in Vietnamese commercial banks before and after the COVID-19 pandemic? ● What microeconomic factors have contributed to changes in the non- performing loan ratios at Vietnamese commercial banks during the COVID- 19 Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 2 2024 3.
Objects and scope of the research This research focuses on the non-performing loans within the banking sector in Vietnam, specifically targeting commercial banks. The study encompasses 24 commercial banks that are publicly listed on the Vietnamese stock market. This selection provides a comprehensive overview of the banking sector's performance and risks during the study period due to their public disclosure requirements and significant role in the economy. The timeframe for the research spans from 2014 to 2023.
This period allows for a detailed examination of the banks' financial health and stability, encompassing a timeline that includes various economic cycles and significant events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which had notable impacts on the financial sector. By analyzing this timeframe, the research aims to capture a broad spectrum of data on how macroeconomic and microeconomic factors influence non-performing loan ratios among these key financial institutions 4. Research methodology To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employs a variety of analytical methods. Descriptive and comparative statistics are used to outline the fundamental characteristics of the data and monitor temporal changes, providing basic summaries of the study variables.
Additionally, The methodology of my research incorporates several sophisticated econometric models to analyze the panel data effectively. This includes the use of Generalized Least Squares (GLS), which is adept at handling the specific challenges of endogeneity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation in the dataset. Additionally, the study applies both Fixed Effects (FEM) and Random Effects (REM) models to assess which model best captures the dynamics of non-performing loans (NPLs) across different banks and periods. These models are crucial for analyzing data that may not fulfill the typical assumptions of ordinary least squares regression.
Diagnostic tests such as the Breusch- Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity and the Wooldridge test for autocorrelation confirm the appropriateness of the model specifications. All analyses are Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 3 2024 conducted using Stata 17, which ensures rigorous data processing and computation efficiency. Structure of the research Based on the objective of the Research, the thesis is organized as follows: Chapter I: Literature review & Theoretical framework for the impact of macroeconomic and microeconomic on commercial bank non-performing loans ratio Chapter II: The current status of non-performing loán in vietnam banking system Chapter III: Database and Research methods and result Chapter IV: Solution and recommendations Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 4 2024 CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Foreign research NE Zulkifli and Z Ahmad conducted a study in 2022 titled "Determinants of Non- Performing Loans Amidst Unexpected Crises in Malaysia's Commercial Banks.