MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM FROM SODIUM ALGINATE, KONJAC GLUCOMANNAN, AND SORBITOL A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Tran Thi Hai Yen Supervisors: Dr. Condro Wibowo Dr. Huynh Tien Dat Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FILM FROM SODIUM ALGINATE, KONJAC GLUCOMANNAN, AND SORBITOL A Thesis submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Tran Thi Hai Yen Supervisors: Dr. Condro Wibowo Dr.
Huynh Tien Dat Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Deans of the Faculty of Food Science and Technology at both Nong Lam University and Universitas Jenderal Soedirman for allowing me to complete my research in Indonesia. My deepest thanks go to UNSOED for the internship scholarship (Grant No.07/2023) I could not have undertaken this journey without my supervisor, Dr. Condro Wibowo for his guidance, advice, comment, and encouragement during the time I did my project at Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. I also admire his talent in teaching and also in research.
Although he is a busy person, whenever I needed help, he was always there to answer all my questions. In addition, this endeavor would not have been possible without my Vietnamese instructor - Dr. Huynh Tien Dat, for his advice and guidance led me to complete this graduate thesis. He 1s a constant source of motivation and also shares his professional knowledge and skill which is very useful for my thesis.
In my innermost, I have a deep respect for him. I am grateful to all staffs and lab members: Mr. David Rusliman, Ms. Syahla Salsabila, and Ms.
Aulal Muna for their scientific advice during my research. They were always close to me whenever I had trouble, helped me with all their ability, and took care of me during my stay in Indonesia. They also showed me many things about Indonesia (culture, cuisine, people, etc,. Moreover, I wish to send my sincerest thanks to my classmates — Ngo Pham Thao Nguyen, for her endless support and for sharing with me beautiful moments in Indonesia - my deepest thanks for their kind support.
Lastly, I would be remiss in not mentioning my beloved family, who raised and supported me unconditionally. Their belief in me has kept my spirit and support which are the motivations for me to finish my graduation internship. Sincerely, Tran Thi Hai Yen. ABSTRACT Biodegradable films derived from biomaterials are emerging as alternatives to conventional plastic packages and positively contribute to protecting the environment.
This study aimed to develop edible and degradable films from sodium alginate (SA), konjac glucomannan (KGM), and sorbitol. Sorbitol acts as a plasticizer and was investigated for the suitable concentration in the film formulation. Then, the films were formulated using five different SA:KGM ratios. Physicochemical properties such as thickness, color, tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor transmission rate, water solubility, and biodegradability were analyzed to elucidate the properties of the films.
The results showed that a sorbitol concentration of 1% was the most suitable for generating films with desirable thickness, elongation, and brightness. Edible films cast from different SA:KGM ratios showed an acceptable thickness (0.082 mm), tensile strength (0.7%), brightness (L* ranged from 88.21 A/mm), water vapor transmission rate (1.1 g/m*/h) and water solubility (55. The films were biodegraded in the compost burying test after 30 days. The film formulation including 0.1% KGM, and 1% sorbitol showed the fastest biodegradation (clearly observed after 15 days of burying).
Our findings indicate that film formulation from SA, KGM, and sorbitol is promising in biodegradable film production and potential for food applications. Keywords: sodium alginate, konjac glucomannan, edible film, biodegradable film, physicochemical properties. TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMEND ssssscsssscssctspcsnssctscsosscesessoessxtvesnsssscnsstenessacsinsesscvsssecsssssznastens iii ABSTTRRACCT. Họ Họ HH HH HH HH Hi in iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS wsssssssosssssssssscsnsesssssesensisassesassssessssssanscasosesevcesaasevsseensaten vii LIST OF .EIGURRESö:cccinerossiiceosiii6i15513615015830625458486513g0838534ã33SE833ã33:bã3g863i6ag150ã80s8186 viii LIST OF TABILEES.--- 5 << <5 HH TH HT TH HH ngư viii CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION visssosecsecsescsssssssvesesunceosessesccsnssvencsecveseccecbevensesvasenciaes 1 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 3 QD, EIHHfÔTIHHBẨÍDHsssserssobreievobortitootoseolvotsitbtlritodtrdv00obofovtoroyfxttyivepsiibeskisvgbeogpsvlessesÐ 2. Factors affecting the biodegradation of plastics .4 Characteristics of edible packaging, advantages and limitations. 5 25 Sorbitol (PlaSHCiAeP) veces cnenewossesnensvesscommvsueraren neem sey deeneteremnsnsereesemmnerenetes 7 2.ecccesceesceeeceeeseeesseesceceneesceessecaeceseeeseeseseeeeeeseeenseees 9 CHAPTER3 MATERIALS AND METHODS.1 Resedich tinte atid.
LOCA OR wes cccssasssnsavsesosansserssssuessasrsscencrones eesveoreveaunnsconasenensees lãi 3⁄2 Matera8 ccscsscrcassussscevexoerssvesnsswenssussnsvessesuvannnncucennvsneokosenanmenwennsseeectenesanennawsenes 11 3. Determine a suitable concentration of sorbitol for casting film.4 Study on the ratio of SA and KGM on the ability of the film-casting.5 Physicochemical properties charaCf€T1ZAf1OH. ---- 55+ +++£++ccseezerrreexee 14 3:9:L - THIKH€SSsssssseeesdistddoddiriiisriitibitiiAEiA54016333510406399404539129138090343 30338188188 14 B32 .ViEGHảdñIEAlDTGD€EHESiseseiiidieiiiidiitiiioioiialiidetteiiGiAELUlOSdilELAdGu200463145584K00038 14 SEĐUDI (GIÓ D Cee eee ee 15 BDA 7 CÍDAGIWssuosignoaeadoooogdoOiotiDEUOLNEDODIOEHOURGOEGEHSEEEOHSRSENONEROEESUSLERQERGSERE 15 3.5 Water vapor transmission TAf€. uanestaapeaesnedesaciabaoniste 16 8557 - MAKETISOIUDIIYsssassessesetoiiiotoidEEDESOEASOEEIAODSSOLGBEGSOQERNSGIORORGSAOREEHESHOOERE 16 So ca ae.
17 3ú - S{AäUS(GiILHRIWSÍễosossaeeseiiukadesanodadisdintiddinleriasteidgLBSikkidoegaossekligdgsaBkogosngdzk 17 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .1 Investigating the optimal sorbitol concentration for film samples .1 Thickness and mechanical properties at different concentrations of sorbitol 18 4.2 Color at different concentrations of SOTDIfOÏ.2 Study on the ratio of SA and KGM on the ability of the film casting.1 Thickness of biodegradable films .2 _ Mechanical properties of biodegradable films.3 Color of biodegradable films.4 Opacity of biodegradable fllms.5 Water vapor transmission rate of biodegradable films .6 Moisture content of biodegradable films .7 Water solubility of biodegradable fllms.8 Biodegradability of the films with different SA:KGM ratIos. 29 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.1 ConclisiOns xccasssc sme ERAS 31 5.--- --- 5 + * + E*eeeerrrrrrerrrrerrerrrrrrrrrrrrrerrerrerd REFERENCES tueeseeireeerroeniiiindiindbsrisiltrsriulssotlesireostilsgsiiL64s121105103508450u8g056 000. 14,4832 JEEENDIGESaoaeeaceotitiebilb biotoa:B6iGi036GtG0g-018100181444032G84444G1016063801A83qgsst 35 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SA: Sodium alginate KGM: KonJac glucomannan WVTR: Water vapor transmission rate TS: Tensile strength %E: Percentage of elongation at break RH: Relative humidity Rpm: Revolutions per minutes vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Benefits of edible food packaging (Petkoska et al.
The structure of sorbitol (Xiang et al.- ------5-cc+csssserrrerxee 7 Figure 2. Chemical structure of sodium alginate (Badita et al. Chemical structure of konjac glucomannan (Xu et al. Main components used to produce edible film.
Flow diagram of biodegradable film production. Day 5, 15, and 30 pictures of biodegradable film.---------- 30 LIST OF TABLES ‘Table 2. Materials 146đ tor edible 10S escessscccessne uuu vaca rae weavea nes S6 3idàagE4S0 00080 0088. Thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break at different concentrations Of Sorbitol cuezs:svxss:sssssnkslssggL800AG010:i1Exi2481585500100-403895001014035200EEQ0L20S005402013695.
The color at different concentrations of sOrbIfOÏ. The thickness of the films with different SA:KGM ratIos. Tensile strength and elongation at break of the films with different SACK. L*, a*, and b* values of the films with different SA:KGM ratios.
The opacity of the films with different SA:KGM ratIos. The water vapor transmission rate of the films with different SA:KGM (AU0S) =a ee ee ee 26 Table 4. The moisture content of the films with different SA:KGM ratios. The water solubility of the films with different SA:KGM ratlos.
28 viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Food packaging has emerged as a crucial component within the food supply chain, protecting the food product throughout various stages including processing, handling, and transportation (Singh et al. Plastics packaging such as polyethylene, and polypropylene are not environmentally friendly (Sundqvist-Andberg and Akerman, 2021). They are obtained during the processing of petroleum and termed petroleum-based products, and most food-grade plastics are single-time use, which end up in the ocean and landfill after usage. Edible packaging stands out as a promising eco- friendly alternative for future food packaging needs.
The materials used in biodegradable packaging are sourced from plants, animals, and marine life, or derived from natural food-grade polymers like polysaccharides, proteins, or lipids, enabling consumers to ingest the packaging materials themselves (Meys et al. Biodegradable packaging maintains food quality, extends shelf life, and reduces waste to a certain extent (Nair et al. These films can be used in the form of wraps and pouches. In contrast, coatings can be used on food products.
The unique advantage of biodegradable packaging is that it is an integral part of the product; hence, consumers don’t need to unpack it (Saklani et al. Biopolymers have several advantages, such as biodegradability, recyclability, and sustainability though certain limitations due to their poor mechanical and barrier properties have been reported (Singh et al. To overcome these limitations, certain additives can be added to these biomaterials. Additives can improve the flexibility, gas barrier, and mechanical properties of packaging materials.
Plasticizers including sorbitol, polyols, etc, make films and coatings more flexible to change their shape more efficiently (Sari et al. Edible packaging materials alone cannot meet all the barrier requirements; hence, incorporating multi-components may enhance the barrier and other properties, where desirable properties of one packaging material can be combined with desirable properties of another packaging material. Polysaccharides have emerged as an attractive polymeric material for next- generation biodegradable films because of their abundance, pollution-free nature, and 1 ease of availability. Polysaccharides can form films and coatings with barrier properties against the transport of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.
On the other hand, tensile strength and percentage of elongation are important mechanical properties. Desirable values of them are required to maintain the integrity of the packed food (Cazon et al., 2017, Wang et al. Sodium alginate (SA) and konjac glucomannan (KGM) are two polysaccharide materials of great interest that were often used as the basic materials of biodegradable films for their high solubility, excellent film-forming properties, degradability, and biocompatibility (Dong et al. In contrast, SA or KGM films have some different shortcomings including poor water stability and barrier properties when used alone (Abdollahi et al.
Blending is an effective method to improve the performance of films (Wang, Li et al). Generally, when the two components used to blend are compatible, the blend films can form a homogeneous structure and show better physicochemical properties than the individual components. Plasticizers, cross-linking agents, texture agents, etc. can be added to enhance the functional properties of the film (Guilbert et al.
Thus, the film blending SA and KGM could overcome the limitations of the single-component film (Wang et al. In summary, edible biodegradable films are promising alternatives to plastic films for environmental protection purposes. Sodium alginate, konjac glucomannan, and sorbitol are potential ingredients in the production of eco-friendly biodegradable films, but the current literature reporting on these films is quite limited. Thus, this research project aimed to make an edible biodegradable film from sodium alginate, konjac glucomannan, and sorbitol.
To accomplish this goal, the following specific objectives were set as follows: 1. Selection of a suitable concentration of sorbitol for casting film 2. Investigate the suitable composition of sodium alginate and konjac glucomannan for casting the film 3. Evaluate the physicochemical properties and biodegradable of the casted films CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.
Biodegradable film Edible films are produced from edible biopolymers and food-grade additives. Edible films are thin layers made of edible materials that are formed to coat the product or are placed between the product components. They serve as a barrier against mass transfer (of water vapor, gas, solutes), aiming to improve the handling of the food product and to extend its shelf life. Their significant advantage is that they may be eaten together with the food (Bizymis et al.
The physicochemical properties and biodegradability of films determine their possible applications. Properties such as mechanical behavior (tensile strength and elongation at break), and thickness of biological films compared to plastic films or conventional packaging films. Water solubility, moisture content, and water vapor transmission rate (barrier properties) a is an important parameters that must be evaluated to know the effect of the film on the final product. Color and opacity are discussed to know the final appearance of the product.
Further, biodegradability properties are analyzed to show a huge advantage of biodegradable films over traditional plastic packaging films. The addition of plasticizers can improve flexibility and reduce interactions between polymers.