THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ADVANCED EDUCATION PROGRAM TRAN THI MINH HA PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DIVERSITY INDICES, AND SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP WITH REFERENCE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION BY USING CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS BACHELOR THESIS JANUARY – 2015 n THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ADVANCED EDUCATION PROGRAM BACHELOR THESIS PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DIVERSITY INDICES, AND SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP WITH REFERENCE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION BY USING CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS Student Name: Tran Thi Minh Ha Student ID: DTN1053110064 Year: 2010 – 2015 Supervisors: Dr. Ho Ngoc Son JANUARY - 2015 n TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Rationale of the study. Aims of the study.
Introduction to water. The importance of water .3 Impact of wastewater in plankton community.1 Collection and sample .1 Place and time .2 Materials and Equipments .2 Tools and Identification process .2 Identification plankton process. Results and Discussion .1 Results of water analysis in 6 stations. Biodiversity Indices Measurement .3 Similarity relationship with reference to industrial wastewater pollution by using Correspondence Analysis.
Conclusions and recommendations. 40 II n ABBREVIATIONS BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand DO : Dissolved Oxygen TSS : Total Suspended Solids SNI : Indonesia national standard PDAM : Drinking Water Company Installation III n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Musi River. 12 Graph 1: The distribution of planktons on 6 stations in the first observation. 34 Graph 2: The distribution of planktons on 6 stations in the second observation.
35 IV n LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Water analysis in soy sauce industry. 20 Table 2: Water analysis in Crumb rubber. 21 Table 3: Water analysis in Ship dock. 22 Table 4: Water analysis in Drinking Water Company Installation.
23 Table 5: Water analysis in Cement Company. 24 Table 6: Water analysis in Stock pile. 25 Table 7: Planktons in Soy Sauce. 26 Table 8: Planktons in Crumb Rubber.
26 Table 9 : Planktons in Ship Dock. 27 Table10: Planktons in PDAM. 28 Table 11: Planktons in Cement Company. 29 Table 12: Planktons in Stockpile.
31 Table 15: Diversity Indices. 37 Table 13: The first observation. 1 Table 14: the second observation. 2 V n Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name: Tran Thi Minh Ha Student ID: DTN 1053110064 Thesis Title: PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DIVERSITY INDICES, AND SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP WITH REFERENCE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION BY USING CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS Supervisors : Dr.
Ho Ngoc Son. ABSTRACT Pollution of surface water in any parts of the world becomes one of the most important environmental problems we are facing nowadays. Many studies showed that polluted water can deteriorate and degrade water quality and then become limiting factor for the use of water for many purposes. Planktons are the main the primary producers which can be easily found in all kinds of water bodies.
Plankton community is firstly influenced and involved in water pollution. As planktons are very sensitive to the chemicals in water, the functions of planktons as the food source for many aquatic animals restrict. The present study focused on phytoplankton species composition in Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia, where alongside the river many industries were hosted. Two water and plankton samplings were carried out to collect planktons from six selected sites or stations, i.
soy sauce industry, crumb rubber industry, ship dock, regional drinking water company, cement industry and coal stockpile from VI n November 7, 2014 to November 16, 2014.The physicochemical parameters were Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The study also included Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). The result showed that at every station the population community of planktons varied. Several planktons were found at one station, and were not found at the other stations.
For the first observation the number of plankton species found was 22, but for the second observation was 39 species. The most abundant planktons found were Ankistrodesmus acicularis (Monoraphidium aciculare) and Ankistrodesmus angustus with 150 individuals and 83 individuals, respectively, for first observation, and Ankistrodesmus acicularis, Striatella interrupta, Koliella Longiseta with 300, 217 and 166 individuals, respectively, for second observation. The study concluded that discharged wastewater from industries contributed significant effect on the plankton community. Keywords: Planktons; Water Quality, Wastewater, Physicochemical parameters, Biological parameter Number of pages: 50 pages Date of submission: January 15 , 2015 VII n PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DIVERSITY INDICES, AND SIMILARITY RELATIONSHIP WITH REFERENCE TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION BY USING CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS I.
Rationale of the study Planktons are composed of phytoplankton and zooplankton which are typically found near the surface in aquatic environments. Planktons form the most sensitive components of the ecosystems. Phytoplankton plays a vital role in primary production. They also play an important role as food for herbivorous animals (Reddy, et al.
Zooplankton plays an essential role in water ecosystems including river. The planktonic animals take part in the transformation and circulation of organic matter (Ejsmont-Karabin et al., 2004), regulate the biomass of phytoplankton (Lair, 2005; Kentzer et al., 2010) and provide food for fish, especially for their larval stages and for fish fry (Pourriot et al. Furthermore, the phytoplankton serves as a producer in the food chain. Their productivity depends upon the quality of water.
Many species of zooplankton are primary consumers and feed on phytoplankton, thus playing an important role in energy and transfer. In a water ecosystem, the diversity of phytoplankton can influence the diversity of zooplankton, or vice versa and both can be affected by the environment factors. (Chou et al. Companies which produce goods and directly discharge wastewater to the river are responsible for disturbance and diversity of plankton.
In fact, water quality is a strong determinate of phytoplankton and zooplankton dynamics, as well as diversity in aquatic system (Nasrollahzadeh et al., 2008; Ramdani et al. Aims of the study 1. To identify and measurement the diversity of planktons in Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia. To determine the relationship among planktons by using Correspondence Analysis 1.
Could activities of several industries alongside Musi River influence the diversity of planktons 2. Could those activities cause the different diversity indices of planktons in Musi River. Is there similarity relationship among planktons? 1. The activities of industries can influence the diversity species of planktons.
Pollutants discharged by industries can influence the value of diversity indices of planktons. The types of industries which discharge wastewater will have different closeness relationship with plankton species. Introduction to water 2. The importance of water Water has always been a vital material of Man’s existence.
It is used for drinking , cooking, agriculture, transport, industry, and recreation show immediately the extent to which it is an integral part of our life (Hunt, et al. However, the abundance and quality of the world’s freshwater resources are declining rapidly. Changes in land use degrade natural freshwaters and reduce biodiversity by eliminating valuable habitats and adding excess nutrients (Patrick, et al.2 Water quality Water quality is a term which is used to describe the condition of the water, including its chemical, physical and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose (i., drinking, swimming or fishing). Water quality is also affected by substances like pesticides or fertilizers that can negatively affect marine life when present in certain concentrations (Diersing, 2009).
A lot of wastewater sources are caused of water pollution. One of the important pollution sources in the pollution of the water environment is industrial wastewater. There are many types of industrial wastewater based on different industries and contaminants, each sector produces its own particular combination of pollutants (Hanchang, 2009). With the rapid development of various industries, a huge amount of fresh water is used as a raw material.
So in fact the wastewater is an “essential by-product” of modern industry, and it plays a majors role as a pollution sources in the pollution of water environment (Hanchang, 2009). As a consequence, the plankton populations of the river has been affected in terms of abundance and 3 n diversity. The water quality criteria with reference to freshwater bodies was polluted by various industries ( Mathivanan, et al 2007). Water pollution is the biggest menace of urbanization, industrialization and agricultural practices.
It leads to alteration in physical, chemical and biological properties of water bodies as well as that of the environment. Chemical toxicants directly and indirectly affects the life processes of flora and fauna of the water body (Kumari et al., 2006; Krishnan et al. Plankton community The study of plankton as an index of water quality with respect to industrial, municipal and domestic pollution has been reported earlier (Acharjee et al., 1995, Jha et al. Planktons are microscopic organisms that float freely with oceanic currents and in other bodies of water.
Plankton is made up of tiny plants (called phytoplankton) and tiny animals (called zooplankton). The word plankton comes from the Greek word "planktos" which means "drifting." Phytoplanktons are the autotrophic components of the plankton community and a key factor of oceans, seas and freshwater basins ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words φυτόν (phyton), meaning "plant", and πλαγκτός (planktos), meaning "wanderer" or "drifter". Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye.
However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells (although the actual color may vary with the species of phytoplankton present due to varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of accessory pigments such as phycobiliproteins, xanthophylls, etc (Thurman, 2007). “Phytoplankton are primary producers (also called autotrophs). As the base of the oceanic food web, phytoplankton use chlorophyll to convert energy (from sunlight), inorganic chemicals (like nitrogen), and dissolved carbon dioxide gas into 4 n carbohydrates”. Phytoplankters need a supply of inorganic nutrients from the water.
These they absorb from the water layer, a few micrometres thick, immediately in contact with the cell wall or membrane. Molecules forces tend to preserve this layer intact and it soon becomes depleted of nutrients which are not rapidly replaces by diffusion alone. Continuous movement of the cell through the water, as it sinks and is retrieved by upwardly directed eddy currents, sloughs away the depleted nutrient shell and maintains a continual supply of undepleted water at the cell surface. Plankton also contains zooplankton, “zooplankton are microscopic animals that eat other plankton.
Some zooplankton are larval or very immature stages of larger animals, including mollusks (like snails and squid), crustaceans (like crabs and lobsters), fish, jellyfish, sea cucumbers, and seastars (these are called meroplankton). Some zooplankton are single-celled animals, like foraminifera and radiolarians. Other zooplankton are tiny crustaceans, like Daphnia. In food web, “plankton is the first link in the marine food chain; it is eaten by many organisms, including mussels, fish, birds, and mammals (for example, baleen whales).
The plankton encompasses an incredibly diverse group of organisms, ranging in size from viruses to large jellyfish, united only by the fact they are all weak swimmers and so are largely transported by the movement of the water, drifting about in the sea (John, 2012). On details, fresh water phytoplankton includes single cells, colonies of cells and filaments (linear strings of cells) that are usually converts solar radiant energy into biological energy through photosynthesis as primary production. (Reddy, et al,. The plankton community is a very dynamic one.
Not only are the relative 5 n positions of all of its particles, live or dead, changing from second to second, but also dozens of chemical changes are going on simultaneously. Phytoplankton is one of the most rapid detectors of environmental changes due to their quick response to toxins and other chemical. Pollution stress reduces the number of algal species but increases the number of individuals. A marked change in the algal community severely affects the species diversity (Biligrami, 1988).