VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI THU HUONG STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF VISIBLE LIGHT ACTIVE PHOTOCATALYST g-C3N4/CoMoO4 FOR REMOVAL OF ANTIBIOTIC AND INACTIVATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI THU HUONG STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF VISIBLE LIGHT ACTIVE PHOTOCATALYST g-C3N4/CoMoO4 FOR REMOVAL OF ANTIBIOTIC AND INACTIVATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Dr. TRAN THI VIET HA Associate Prof. NGUYEN MINH PHUONG Hanoi, 2022 Hanoi, 2022 COMMITMENT I have read and understood the plagiarism violations. I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-ĐHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University).
Author of thesis Nguyen Thi Thu Huong ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Doing science research is a long journey that I am so grateful that I have received a great deal of support and assistance. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest thank to my supervisor - Dr. Tran Thi Viet Ha for her thoughtful orientation, valuable advice, continuous support, and encouragement. This research could not have been possible without her persistent guidance and indispensable support.
I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to my co-supervisor – Associate Professor Nguyen Minh Phuong for her precise advice and feedback during my research progress. Her insightful suggestions have contributed greatly to this master’s thesis. I would like to convey my special appreciation to Associate Professor Kasuga Ikuro, who also guided me through this research with critical suggestions and provided me with his connections so I could conduct my bacterial study. I must also thank Dr.
Takemura Taichiro for providing me the chance to carry out molecular biology experiments at NIHE-Nagasaki Friendship Laboratory. I must also thank all the staff at NIHE-Nagasaki Friendship Laboratory, especially Duong san for their guidance and useful advice during my internship there. This work is fully supported by the project with the code number of VJU.03, from VNU Vietnam Japan University, under the Research Grant Program of Japan International Cooperation Agency. I would like to acknowledge lecturers at the Master’s Program in Environmental Engineering - VNU Vietnam Japan University for giving constructive criticism to improve the quality of my research.
Last but not least, the warmest thanks also go to my classmates, my lab mates, as well as staff at Vietnam Japan University, with whom I have the pleasure to work while doing the thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES. i LIST OF FIGURES. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Issue of antibiotic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria residues in wastewater. Issue of antibiotic residues in wastewater. Issue of antibiotic-resistant bacteria residues in wastewater.
coli) antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Technologies to remove antibiotics and inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria residues in wastewater. g-C3N4 and CoMoO4 photocatalyst. Development of g-C3N4/CoMoO4 heterostructure photocatalyst .17 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY.
Chemicals and apparatus. Synthesis of CoMoO4. Synthesis of g-C3N4/CoMoO4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET). X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS). Photocatalytic removal of tetracycline antibiotic. Photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Determination of photocatalyst's pH point of zero charge. Reactive oxygen species trapping experiments .34 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Optimization of photocatalyst synthesis conditions. Characterization of synthesized materials.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD).
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS). Removal efficiency of synthesized materials with tetracycline antibiotic. Enhancement of tetracycline removal efficiency of g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite.
Effect of photocatalyst dosage on tetracycline removal efficiency. Effect of pH on tetracycline removal efficiency. Effect of initial pollutant concentration on tetracycline removal efficiency. Inactivation efficiency of synthesized materials with E.
Proposed photocatalytic mechanism.50 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.55 LIST OF TABLES Table 2. g-C3N4 and CoMoO4-based heterojunction photocatalyst. Optimization of preparation conditions of g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite. Surface area and total pore volume of the synthesized materials.
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. (a) Structure and (b) speciation diagram of tetracycline antibiotic. Schematic diagram of the photocatalytic oxidation process of organic pollutants in the aqueous environment. Structure of graphitic carbon nitride.
Crystal structure of cobalt molybdate. UV-DRS instrument. Standard calibration curve of Tetracycline. Change in tetracycline removal efficiency of synthesized materials at different preparation conditions.
Effect of pristine mixing ratio on antibiotic removal efficiency. SEM image of the synthesized a) g-C3N4, b) CoMoO4 and. EDX spectrum of the synthesized a) g-C3N4, b) CoMoO4 and c) g- C3N4/CoMoO4 composite. EDX elementary mapping of the synthesized a) g-C3N4, b) CoMoO4 and c) g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite.
XRD patterns of the synthesized g-C3N4, CoMoO4, and g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite. FTIR spectra of the synthesized g-C3N4, CoMoO4, and g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite. UV-vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra of the synthesized g-C3N4, CoMoO4, and g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite. Tauc plot of the synthesized g-C3N4, CoMoO4, and g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite.
PL spectra of the synthesized g-C3N4, CoMoO4, and g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite. Tetracycline removal efficiency of the synthesized g-C3N4, CoMoO4, and g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite. Effect of photocatalyst dosage on tetracycline removal efficiency. Effect of pH condition on tetracycline removal efficiency.
pH point of zero charge of the synthesized g-C3N4/CoMoO4 composite 47 Figure 4. Effect of tetracycline's initial concentration on the removal efficiency. coli inactivation efficiency with different dosages of photocatalyst. Effect of different scavengers on the photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized.
The proposed photocatalytic mechanism for degradation of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMR: Antimicrobial resistance AOP: Advanced Oxidation Processes ARB: Antibiotic-resistance bacteria ARGs: Antibiotic-resistance genes BET: Brunauer-Emmett-Teller CB: Conduction Band EDX: Energy dispersive X-ray E. coli: Escherichia coli FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital LUMO: Lowest occupied molecular orbital PL: Photoluminescence spectroscopy SEM: Scanning electron microscopy UV-DRS: UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy VB: Valence band WHO: World Health Organization WWTP: Wastewater treatment plants XRD: X-ray powder diffraction analysis iii 1. Research background Antibiotics are one of the crucial discoveries of the last century that changed the treatment of a variety of infections in a significant way.
However, in recent years, the unprecedented issue of antibiotic residues in environmental matrices has been receiving great attention from both academia and the public. Several studies reported critical resistance of several kinds of antibiotics in surface and groundwater, sediments, soils, and even foodstuffs (Bombaywala et al. Wang et al. These residues may cause various consequences in the ecological system such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria and human health effects e.
allergy, mutation, and reproductive disorder (Monahan et al. Most critically, the abuse of antibiotics has directly resulted in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes. The rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria threatens the efficiency of medicines, which have revolutionized medicine and saved millions of lives. In 2021, World Health Organization (WHO) listed antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as one of ten global health issues that urgently need collective efforts to tackle (WHO, 2020).
However, reports have shown that both antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria can not be completely removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), which mostly deploy physical and biological technologies (Baquero et al., 2008; Manoharan et al. Wang et al. Hence, it is vital to develop supplement treatment technologies for the efficient removal of those critical pollutants in wastewater. Research significance In recent years, photocatalytic materials have emerged as a highly efficient and economic strategy for both antibiotic treatment and disinfection in the water environment.
Many photocatalysts such as TiO2, ZnO2, In2O3, and CdSe have been studied for the treatment of organic pollutants in the environment (Manaia et al., 2018; Noor et al. 1 Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has drawn great attention from academia as a facile, metal-free, non-toxic, and photochemically stable semiconductor, which can drive photo-oxidation reactions even under visible light. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4 is limited by its high rate of recombination between photo- induced electrons and holes, low light absorption efficiency, and low specific area. (Huang et al., 2014; Ismael, 2020; Kong et al.
Hence, it is critical and essential to study the synthesis of g-C3N4-based photocatalyst to tackle its current drawbacks and deploy its high potential in organic pollutant removal in the aqueous environment. CoMoO4 - a transition metal molybdate with narrow band gap energy (2.8 eV), great redox activity, and strong catalytic electrochemical characteristics - is also considered a promising visible-light-driven photocatalyst (Umapathy & Neeraja, 2016; Veerasubramani et al., 2014; Zagorac et al. The CoMoO4 photocatalyst has been successfully applied for organic pollutant removal as well as bacterial inactivation (Adabavazeh et al., 2021; Feizpoor et al., 2019; Gao et al. However, the application of CoMoO4 for organic compound photodegradation is limited because of the low potential energy of the conduction band and fast recombination of photo-induced electrons and holes.
With their potential yet drawbacks to act as an individual photocatalyst, together with the compatibility in their bandgap energy, g-C3N4 and CoMoO4 could be coupled to promisingly form a heterojunction displaying enhanced photocatalytic activity. To date, there has been no research into the development of this target composite for the treatment of tetracycline antibiotics and E. coli antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Hence, this study is conducted to fill the research gap in the development of the high potential photocatalyst material to address the urgent issues of antibiotic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria residues in wastewater.
Research objectives This research is implemented to achieve the following objectives: (1) Synthesize g-C3N4/CoMoO4 heterojunction photocatalyst exhibiting high photocatalytic activity under visible light. 2 (2) Characterize the synthesized g-C3N4/CoMoO4 heterojunction photocatalyst (3) Investigate the synthesized material’s photocatalytic removal efficiency with the Tetracycline antibiotic. (4) Investigate the synthesized material’s photocatalytic inactivation efficiency with E. coli antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Thesis structure This thesis is structured into 5 chapters. The main contents of each chapter are presented below: Chapter 1 introduces the research context and describes the significance of the topic, as well as points out the research objectives. Chapter 2 highlights the issues of the antibiotic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria residue in wastewater, current technologies to address these issues, and introduces the photocatalytic oxidation process utilizing photocatalyst as an emerging strategy. Chapter 3 describes the materials and methods to prepare and characterize the target photocatalysts.
Experimental designs to investigate the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized photocatalyst in removing antibiotic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria are also elaborated. Chapter 4 presents and discusses the results obtained from all the characterization analyses and experiments conducted. Chapter 5 concludes the key results of this research and recommendations for further research to be conducted. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.
Issue of antibiotic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria residues in wastewater 2. Issue of antibiotic residues in wastewater An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections through mechanisms that either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria (Waksman, 1947). In the decades after the discovery of antibiotics, it has been recognized that the use of antibiotics in human health, veterinary medicine, and agriculture is associated to the contamination of several environmental compartments.
Depending on the class, 40– 90% of the prescribed antibiotic dosage is excreted in the feces and urine as the parent chemical - in the active form, ultimately damaging soils, waterways, plants, etc (Baquero et al. When existing in the environment, antibiotic residues can have negative effects on biota at different levels and cause various human health effects e. allergy, mutation, and reproductive disorder through the consumption of contaminated food and water. Wang et al.
In addition, the misuse of antibiotics boosts bacteria or genes that are resistant to antibiotics and may be passed from the environment to people.