THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THI THAO TOPIC TITLE: HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA, A SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT, AS PHYTOREMEDIATION AGENT OF LEAD (II)-NITRATE (PB(NO3)2) BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2011-2015 Thai Nguyen, 2015 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name : Nguyen Thi Thao Student ID : DTN 1153110148 Thesis Title : HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA, A SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT, AS PHYTOREMEDIATION AGENT OF LEAD (II)- NITRATE (PB(NO3)2) Supervisor (s): Dr. Ho Ngoc Son Abstract: The experiment of this study were started from March 2015 and finished in June 2015 at Integrated Research Laboratory of Sriwijaya University Palembang in Indonesia, with 4 applied treatments (B1: Pb(NO3)2 0 ppm(control), B2: Pb(NO3)2 5 ppm, B3: Pb(NO3)2 10 ppm and B4: Pb(NO3)2 15 ppm) and 3 replications for each treatment through 5 times of observing in 20 days. Given results were totally evidenced strong capacity of hydrilla verticillata in absorbing and accumulating heavy metals, especially lead (Pb) which is known as a dangerous toxicity for living organisms. This ability of hydrilla verticillata pulled it up to become an effective instrument for phytoremediation technique in solving environmental issues.
In the research phytoremediation was presented by the use of a submerged aquatic plant, hydrilla verticillata as a tool of removing Lead (II)-nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) from water. The revealed results after experiment of 4 treatments, 3 replications in 5 times of observing shown that hydrilla verticillata is an useful plant for treating Pb contaminant in water by taking up and storing the metal in its body. After applying Pb(NO3)2 with 4 different treatments, Pb was directly affected hydrilla verticillata morphology based on higher level of contaminant with the changes in 5 morphological states in order of normal; leaves became yellow; leaves became faintly yellow; partial decolourization, complete decolourization and plant died through 20 days of experiment. Hydrilla verticillata also demonstrated a large percentage of average Pb absorbed ability is 92.8 % and high ratio of Pb content concentrating in the plant compared to Pb i content in water is 1.
The study also gave predictions of Hydrilla verticillata potential in improving water quality, with Pb concentration in water was forecasted to be removed all from water in treatment B1, B2 and B3. Hence, this ability of Hydrilla verticillata would be widely known and used for water assessing, monitoring and cleaning operations in the future. Keywords: Phytoremediation, Hydrilla verticillata, Lead (II)-nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), absorbed capacity, water heavy metal pollution. Number of Pages: 51 Date of Submission: 30/09/2015 Supervisor (Sign) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Arinafril of Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Indonesia, who has supported and instructed me throughout my research time and also my thesis completion with all of his patience, devotions, enthusiasms and empathy. If I have not had his helps I would have never finished this study. Also, I would like to show my great appreciation to Dr. Ho Ngoc Son, for supervising, guiding, counseling and advising me in writing and completing the study.
Besides my two supervisors, I want to send my sincere thanks to the Integrated Research Laboratory of Sriwijaya University Palembang and the Research laboratory in the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sriwijaya University Indralaya in Indonesia with their approvals, supports and helps in using place and equipment in the research time this study is completed successfully. From the bottom of my heart, I am grateful to Fadila Mutmainnah, S.Si, for her guidance, support and encouragement during the time of accomplishing this research in Indonesia. My special thanks go to Ha, also, Chi, Linh, Marisa, Eka and all my classmates, friends who helped me in my 3 months of internship time. Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents and teachers for having, nurturing and teaching me from the very first steps of my life until now, and their dedications will be my indications for future life.
Thai Nguyen, 30th September 2015 Student Nguyen Thi Thao iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures. 1 List of tables. Research questions and hypotheses. The importance of water.
Heavy metal-polluted water. Source of heavy metal contaminants in water. Consequences of heavy metal contaminants in water. Lead Compound- Lead (II) Nitrate.
Sampling site and time. Materials and equipment. Laboratory method of analyzing Pb content in Hydrilla verticillata. Laboratory method of analyzing Pb content in water.
Data analysis methods. Lead (Pb) Reduction rate. Time Series analysis: Linear regression. Bio-Accumulation Factor.
Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata. Pb concentration in water. Result of Data analysis .2 Time series analysis: Linear regression. Lead (Pb) reduction rate.
Bio-Accumulation Factor. Hydrilla verticillata morphological changes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. 45 List of figures Figure 3.1: Jakabaring lake in Palembang, Indonesia.2: Integrated Research Laboratory of Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia which is located in 2’9910.1: Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata .2: Pb concentration in water.3: Forecasting of Pb concentration in water in treatment B3 .4: Forecasting of Pb concentration in water in treatment B4 .5: Forecasting of Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in treatment B1 .6: Forecasting of Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in treatment B2 .7: Forecasting of Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in treatment B3 .8: Forecasting of Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in treatment B4 .36 1 List of tables Table 3.1: Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata (ppm) .2: Pb concentration in water (ppm).
3: Significantly different effects of treatments on water’s Pb concentration in the 5th day. 4: Significantly different effects of treatments on water’s Pb concentration in the 10th day. 5: Significantly different effects of treatments on water’s Pb concentration in the 15th day. 6: Significantly different effects of treatments on water’s Pb concentration in the 20th day.
7: Significantly different effects of treatments on Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in the 0th day. 8: Significantly different effects of treatments on Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in the 5th day. 9: Significantly different effects of treatments on Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in the 10th day. 10: Significantly different effects of treatments on Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in the 15th day.
11: Significantly different effects of treatments on Pb concentration in Hydrilla verticillata in the 20th day. 12: Lead (Pb) reduction rate. 13: Bio-Accmulation Factor (BAF) ratio of Lead (Pb) from water to Hydrilla verticillata. 14: Hydrilla verticillata’s morphological changes observed in different treatments through time.
Research rationale Playing vital role as a source of life, water have been being an indispensable resource to humankind and also other organisms. However, water are now getting in a strong alarmed level of pollution, which can directly impact to the whole planet, Balkis (2012) stated “Water pollution has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well”. Especially, current time, water is seriously polluted by heavy metals in the nearby industrial or populated urban areas, these heavy metals can widely distribute in water and directly or indirectly affect human and living aquatic organisms due to human activities ( Mohiuddin, et al.
Besides, when dissolve in water, Lead (Pb) from Lead (II) nitrate (Pb(NO3)2, one of the harmful chemical elements, can be huge influences for human health such as behavioral problems, high blood pressure, kidney damage, memory and learning difficulties, reduced IQ, … (Ernhart, 2006; Spivey, 2007). In term of aquatic systems, lead (Pb) has last and long effects on plants and animals by spreading and existing for long time of about 100 to 1,000 years in water (UNEP, 2010). There are many projects and researches had done in treating metal water pollution, but almost all of those projects required high techniques and also high cost for the steps and treatment processes. Furthermore, with the variety in kind of metal 4 contaminants, water pollution could not be treated in some sensitive areas and by former ways (Hogan, 2014).
Phytoremediation, a green technique of treating heavy metal contaminants in water, uses plants to remove pollutants from the environment. In order to remove pollutants from water, plants are used to accumulate the heavy metals in contaminated water, this way of dealing with water pollution shows itself as a friendly and cost- effective method for resolving environmental issues (Salt, et al. With the ability of absorbing variety kind of metals, and also the real effectiveness for socio- economics and ecosystems, phytoremediation has been becoming a new favor to use in removing environmental pollutants (Paz-alberto & Sigua, 2012). There are many absorbents have been used for removing Lead from water; water hyacinth (Okunowo & Ogunkanm, 2010), Orange Barks (Azouaou, 2013) or dried Lemna perpusilla Torr (Tang, et al.
However, unlike those absorbents, with the very good advantage of living under water, hydrilla verticillata- a submerged aquatic has its whole body inside water and can grow up to reach the surface which would has higher potential for environmental science in applying of phytoremediation as Denny & Wilkins (1987) detected that in the purposes of removing contaminants from water “whole plant plays important roles the submergence and simplicity of shoot structure aquatic plants tend to have better potential in heavy metal uptake than other different structure plants”. Hence, to effectively solve the problems of heavy metal pollutants in water, this study with the topic is “Hydrilla verticillata, a submerged aquatic plant, as phytoremediation agent of Lead (II)-Nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)” was carefully conducted and completed. To understand how the submerged aquatic plant - Hydrilla verticillata works as a tool of phytoremediation and how it got effect from Lead (II)-nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) polluted water. To assess the ability of Hydrilla verticillata in removing Lead (Pb) from water.
To examine the effectiveness and amount in absorbing and accumulating Lead (Pb) by Hydrilla verticillata. Research questions and hypotheses This research is able to answer and explain these questions and hypothesis as follow: Research questions: 1. What is Phytoremediation? How could Lead (II)-nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)-polluted water effect Hydrilla verticillata and be treated by Phytoremediation with Hydrilla verticillata? 2. How is the absorbed capacity of Lead (Pb) of Hydrilla verticillata? 3.
Whether Lead in water could completely be absorbed and accumulated by Hydrilla verticillata? Hypotheses: - Lead (II)-nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) can pollute water and affect Hydrilla verticillata growth. - By using Phytoremediation with Hydrilla verticillata, Lead (Pb) can be removed from water. - Hydrilla verticillata can up take Lead (Pb) and accumulate in side its body. Limitations Hydrilla verticillata from the sampling site which had Pb content inside may effect on the experiment results.
Besides, throughout the transported and selected, acclimated processes, the plants health may be effected which can reduce its absorbed and accumulated ability. Definitions Phytoremediation: The application of using plants to remove pollutants from environment (Peuke and Rennenberg, 2005). Lead (II)-nitrate (Pb(NO3)2: the water which is polluted by Lead (II)- nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)- a danger poison, strong oxidizer. Contact with other material may cause fire, may be fatal if swallowed or inhaled, causes irritation to skin, eyes and Respiratory tract, neurotoxin, central nervous system, kidneys, blood and reproductive system (MSDS, 2006).
Hydrilla verticillata: Submersed, usually rooted, aquatic perennial herb with slender ascending stems to 9 m (30 ft) long, heavily branched. Fleshy axillary buds (turions) often formed at leaf axils, to 5 cm (2 in) long, with 3 sepals and 3 petals, each about 4 mm (0.3) long, whitish or translucent, floating at water surface, thrive well in waste water (Langeland, et al.