UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS SURVEYING THE DIFFERENCE OF TFP BETWEEN GROUP OF TAIWAN - KOREA AND GROUP OF THAILAND – MALAYSIA; AND THEIR TFP’S DETERMINANTS BY DUONG KHANH TOAN MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HCHIMINH CITY, DECEMBER 2013 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR MA IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS SURVEYING THE DIFFERENCE OF TFP BETWEEN GROUP OF TAIWAN - KOREA AND GROUP OF THAILAND – MALAYSIA; AND THEIR TFP’S DETERMINANTS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS BY DUONG KHANH TOAN Academic Supervisor: Dr. TRUONG DANG THUY HOCHIMINH CITY, DECEMBER 2013 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract. viii LIST OF TABLES. ix LIST OF FIGURES.
Study scope and data. Middle income trap and the link with TFP:. TFP and Determinants to TFP level. TFP growth’s determinants:.
Data source and data process. TFP calculation following growth accounting approach. TFP calculation following regression approach. TFP level model and value.
The contribution of TFP growth to national output growth. TFP’s determinant – Emperical result. 36 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Limitation and further research.
48 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Abstract This study via econometric regression to calculate TFP level, and TFPG’s contribution to aggregate output growth rate of group [Taiwan – Korea] who have successfully shifted up to high-come level and group [Thailand – Malaysia] who have still stuck in middle income trap. This paper also estimates how much efficiency of determinants which are education, openness, foreign direct investment, R&D result, and economy’s fluctuation effecting on the TFP level of these countries. The results from the paper would contribute some implies to such Vietnam economic growth in term of handling experiments to rise up from middle income level after escaping from poverty trap. vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CERTIFICATION “I hereby certify that this thesis has not already been submitted for any degree and have not been currently submitted for any other degree.
I certify that to the best of my knowledge and helps received in preparing this thesis and all sources used have been acknowledged in this thesis. ” Duong Khanh Toan vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “The thesis at VNP is a painful process” I would like to begin my acknowledgment with the quoting from an email of Doctor Truong Dang Thuy as it is really true to my case. This would be not a while paint but a going with life if I cannot achieve and reach the end of what I have dreamed, targeted and pursued. Without your support, encouragement, and pressing even, I was totally fell on the road.
I would like to send the most gratefulness to my big family with all members who always stand by me at the harshest time. Those are my dad, my sisters, my wife and my two lovely angles, especially my passed away mom. Her love is with me forever, that always refill my energy all the time I fell mostly exhausted. I am deeply indebted to Doctor Truong Dang Thuy, Lecturer at Faculty of Development Economics, University of Economics, Hochiminh City.
He has not only been willing to pick me up but also gave me substantial guidance, useful tips, and encouraged me to pursue to the end of this challenge. His wholehearted discussions, and revise with patience have enabled me to achieve, enrich knowledge and experiment through the thesis. Equally, I wish to express my thankfulness to Professor Doctor Nguyen Trong Hoai, Lecturer at Faculty of Development Economics, Vice Rector of University of Economics, Hochiminh City. He was the first one who gave me support and significant advices as starting point of concept notes.
Also, without his favor granting, permission, and willing care I would be not able to continue the race. I also take this chance to bring my sincere thanks to Doctor Pham Khanh Nam, Master Quan Minh Quoc Binh, Master Le Hoang Viet Phuong for right time tips and instruction to keep my study on track. Finally, it is my special thanks sending to Mr. Nguyen Dinh Quy (Program Librarian) and Ms.
Tang Thi Xuan Hong (Programme Secretary) for their warming helps during the time. Duong Khanh Toan Hochiminh city, December 2013 viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Economic indicators of four Table 1. Page 2 countries Table 2. Empirical review Page 12- 18 Summary about regression Table 4.1 (a) Page 29 – 30 result Regressed result for model Page 31 Table 4.2 (a) (6) & (7) Ranking of TFPG’s Table 4.2 (b): contribution to aggregate Page 31 output growth Result of regression model Table 4.2 Page 34 of TFP level’s determinants LIST OF FIGURES The trend of TFPG’s Figure 4.
contribution to aggregate Page 32 output growth. GDP and GDP per capita Figure 4.2 b Page 33 from 1962 – 2010 ix LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS FDI Foreign Direct Investment FEM Fixed Effect Model IMF International Monetary Fund GLS Generalized Least Square OLS Ordinary Least Square REM Random Effect Model R&D Research and Development TFP Total Factor Productivity TFPG Total Factor Productivity Growth x LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1. Problem statement: High income trap is a concept which was initially referred by World Bank economists Homi Kharas, and Indermit Gill in 2007 in the book named An East Asian Renaissance, Ideas for Economic Growth. Although this concept is still controversial among economists its phenomenon in terms of statistic aspect is very clear.
Abramovitz (1986) argued that the backward countries would have advantages to catch up the richer ones, and GDP per capita would be convergence among the countries. Yet the reality shows another picture. As Jesus Felipe (2012), in 1980 there were 47 countries in group of low income; but in 2001 the number of low income members was 48; and there were only 8 ones have left the low-income group for promoting to higher level since then while there were some unfortunate countries felt back after few years of shifting up. The optimism in the transition from middle income class to high income class is much less.
In 2010, 52 countries were classified as middle income countries of which 14 in upper level and the remaining in the lower level, that was not much different from the situation in 1980 of 56 countries including 46 members in lower, and 10 in higher level, Jesus Felipe (2012). The successful up-shifters are just South Korea, Taiwan, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic as referred in Alejandro Foxley and Fernando Sossdorf (2011). All means that the countries which can pass over the threshold to the upper level are rather few. Jesus Felipe (2012) pointed out the countries which achieved average growth rate of 3.5% per annum at least can escape from higher middle income trap for 14 years.
According to his statistic description method, a country which can remain a plausible growth rate would have chance to move up to higher income group, that led him come out the natured question about the source of growth finally. This paper try to analyze the source of growth of the four countries of which the two nations Korea and Taiwan are the ones successfully shifting up to advanced economies; 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com and the two remaining are in upper middle income group1, in terms of supply side aspect specializing in TFP level, and its determinants. This would be likely some referral experience to Vietnam (the country who has some common to the four mentioned in different aspects) in upcoming time when it converges to upper middle income fraction. Firstly let go to see the hereunder table, GDP per capita is calculated under international GK dollar with 2005 constant price, and the average growth rate of GDP of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Malaysia during 1962 and 2010.
Economic indicators of four countries No. Item Korea Taiwan Malaysia Thailand GDP in year1962 44,559,174 23,905,699 14,035,402 29,944,652 1 (‘,000) GDP in year 2010 1,294,389,181 739,508,758 338,208,183 535,039,749 2 (‘,000) Average growth rate of 7.15% GDP during 1962 – 3 2010 (%) (*) 4 GDP per capita in 1962 1,686.28 5 GDP per capita in 2010 26,613.57 Average growth rate of 6.47% GDP per capita during 6 1962 – 2010 (%) (*) Average growth rate of 1.72% Population during 1962 7 – 2010 (%) (*) Source: Extracted from PWT 7.1 and author’s calculation2 Surveying the table at the item of GDP we can see Korea is the biggest scale and the smallest one is Malaysia. Both Korean and Taiwan have the higher GDP’s average growth rate in compare with Thailand and Malaysia while the latter have the higher population growth rates. 1 As Jesus Felipe (2012), Malaysia is the country which trapped while Thailand is not.
However, in relative with the speeding of Korea, and Taiwan for transitioning to high income group, Thailand could be called in trapped somehow. 2 Author of PTW 7.1 applied PPP Converted system at year 2005 constant prices for GDP, and GDP per capita 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com GDP per capita at the starting point also shows the departure level of Taiwan and Korea is bigger than the rest ones. Those consequently give the advantage of the growth rate of GDP per capita to Taiwan and Korea for taking off in the while. All the things seemed to be that it is hard to say anything about the reason why Taiwan, and Korea can shift up the advanced economy sooner than Malaysia, and Thailand.
However, it would be interesting if we know that excepting Thailand became lower middle income in 1976, Taiwan joined in lower middle income group in 1967, and only two years later both Malaysia and Korea also participated in 1969. But everything goes significantly different thereafter. Korea and Taiwan need 19 years to move up to upper middle income while Thailand and Malaysia get stuck with the group for 28 years, and 27 years respectively. The moving-up speed of Korea and Taiwan is accelerated with only 7 years for transmitted to high income countries that left Malaysia, and Thailand far away in upper middle income being of 16 year, and 8 years respectively3 Jesus Filipe (2012).
That situation proved that there should be something should be analyzed and made clear about the sources of these countries’ growth in terms of supply side. We will check these countries with the same models derived from Cobb Douglas function and go in deep of TFP breakdown. For calculating and contemplating TFP level I used the period from 1962 to 2010 because it is the duration plausible enough when the four countries started industrialization under the export-led orientation replacing the import substitution instead, yet with different level of departure. Research objectives: (1) Examining the sources of the countries’ growth in terms of total factor productivity and one of its part i.
(2) Calculating and contemplating the moving of the TFP, and its part: Technology as other factors to capital (K) and labor (L) of each group by time period from 1962 – 2010. (3) Regressing TFP’s determinants to estimate their efficiency besides K, and L. (4) Policy implication to Vietnam economic development path in coming time. 3 Calculating until to 2012 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.