VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, b HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN ANH TUAN AIR POLLUTION ISSUES IN HANOI – CURRENT STATUS AND SOLUTIONS FOR AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT IN CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT MASTER'S THESIS i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN ANH TUAN AIR POLLUTION ISSUES IN HANOI – CURRENT STATUS AND SOLUTIONS FOR AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT IN CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 18110046 RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr. NGUYEN SY LINH Dr. NGUYEN VAN QUANG Hanoi, 2021 ii PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my research and has not been published. The use of other research’s result and related documents must comply with regulations.
The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis. AUTHOR OF THE THESIS NGUYEN ANH TUAN iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES.
Structure of the thesis. Framework of the study. Socio-economic development situation. Methods of study.
The method of data collection. CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN AIR POLLUTION AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE .1 Air pollution theory.2 Causes of air pollution .3 Effects from air pollution .2 Practical air pollution management groups of measures .3 Technical and ancillary tools .1 Definition and causes of climate change .2 The context of climate change in Vietnam .3 Climate change scenarios for Vietnam .4 Scenarios on climatic extremes .4 The linkage between air pollution and climate change.1 The foundational relation between air pollution and climate change .2 The new approach of air pollution management in the context of climate change .32 CHAPTER 4: CURRENT SITUATION OF AIR POLLUTION IN HANOI. Causes of air pollution in Hanoi. Living activities and waste treatment.
Other sources from sub-urban areas. Air pollution condition in Hanoi. Air pollution caused by PM2. Air pollution caused by PM10.
Air pollution caused by hazardous gases. Air pollution caused by unpleasant odor and noise. Effects caused by air pollution in Hanoi. Effects of air pollution on humans.
Effects of air pollution on socio-economic development. Effects of air pollution-related to climate change. Current air pollution management tools. Technical and auxiliary tools.59 CHAPTER 5: PROPOSED AIR POLLUTION MEASURES.
Practical air pollution management measures around the world. Others nations experience. Proposed air pollution management measure in the context of adapting to climate change .3 Energy and fuel .89 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Climate characteristics of Hanoi .2: Average population and population density of Hanoi.1: Monthly average PM2.5 concentration from 2013 to 2019 .1: Euro 3 and Euro 5 emission limits .74 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Framework of the research.1: Particulate size of PM10 and PM2.2: Changes of yearly average temperature (oC) (1958-2014) .3: Changes in yearly precipitation (%) (1958-2014) .4: Changes in tropical cyclones (1959-2014) .5: Changes in tropical cyclone developments with wind speeds of level 12 or higher in the East Sea (1990-2015) .6: Trends of sea-level rise changes .7: Scenario on annual average temperature change .8: Scenario on annual precipitation change .10: Flood risk corresponds to SLR of 100cm .11: The relationship between Air pollution in the context of Climate change .1: PM10 and PM2.5 monthly average concentration in Hanoi 2018 .5 concentration from 2012 to 2018 .3: Monthly average PM2.5 concentration in the period 2013-2019 .4: Annual average PM10 concentration in Hanoi from 2013 to 2018 .5: Annual average SO2 concentration development at Nguyen Van monitoring station .6: Organization chart of Vietnam implementing the UNFCCC .7: Air quality monitoring stations distribution in Hanoi .59 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APCA Air Pollution Control Act AQI Air quality index CC Climate change GHG Greenhouse gas GRDP Gross regional domestic product IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change NDC Nationally Determined Contribution PM Particulate matter QCVN National Technical Regulation SLR Sea level rise TSP Total suspended particles UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VOC Volatile organic compound WHO World Health Organization viii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Nguyen Sy Linh and Dr.
Nguyen Van Quang for providing invaluable guidance, comments, and suggestions throughout my thesis. I am also grateful to all the lectures at the Vietnam Japan University and Ibaraki University for their support towards the successful completion of my studies. Besides, I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues at the Institute of Strategy and policy on Natural Resources and Environment for supporting me during the entire data collection period and creating the best conditions for me to balance my work and study. Finally, I want to dedicate my success to my family for the encouragement and support throughout my research process.
I submit this thesis of mine with great humility and regards. ix ABSTRACT Air pollution is considered as a spot-on phenomenon amongst many problems that urban areas are facing with. In Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam, this is also unavoidable. Furthermore, climate change and its side-effects are in-turn worsen the atmospheric environment.
Therefore, understanding the impacts and the relationship between air pollution and climate change is critical to the air quality management in Hanoi and its effort of striving for sustainable development down the road. To analyze the condition of air pollution in Hanoi precisely, I have collected information at national and local level (Hanoi) in dealing with the air pollution. Those are represented by lots of solutions, which are divided into groups of managerial tools. Results showed that air pollution causes a large number of negative effects both on human health, and socio-economic development.
It is also indicated that climate change makes air pollution worse by increasing greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. Combining all of those, the thesis has learned profound experiences in air quality management around the globe, then introduced groups of measures to reduce emissions in Hanoi, ensuring the plan to respond to CC in Hanoi. Keywords: air pollution, climate change, air quality management, greenhouse gas, Hanoi x CHAPTER 1. Overview Climate change (CC) and the depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution are two main topics that are of particular interest in the world and Vietnam in recent years.
Changes in the climate increase climate hazards such as natural disasters, which affect socio-economic development achievements directly (Thang et al. Simultaneously, the rapid but unsustainable development of the economy in the past few years in Vietnam has led to the decline of natural resources and environmental pollution, especially the degradation of air quality (Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2018). One of the most visible features of CC is the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gas emissions are a direct product of socio-economic development and the global picture of greenhouse gas emissions is the irradiation of the economic and social picture on the world scale (Thang et al.
These kinds of substances are also the main sources that cause air pollution. For 7 years from 2013-2019, Hanoi's atmosphere was in a polluted state.5 dust concentration parameters, all the year the dust concentration exceeds the national standard limit and many times higher than the recommendations from WHO. However, the evolution of dust concentration has changed a lot, in 2013 the dust concentration had the highest value with an annual average of 55.9 μg/m3 and then continued to improve in the next 2 years with respectively, 49. Then again increased sharply in 2016 with a dust concentration of 50.5 μg/m 3 and then continued to decline in the period 2017-2019.
Air pollution brings enormous damage to humans in Hanoi through the highest mortality statistics. The evidence for this is the fact that every year our country has about 60,000 deaths due to constant exposure to polluted air, this number reaches 7 million people each year worldwide. This shows that air pollution also brings a greater risk of death than malaria, cancer, and traffic accidents (Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2018). 1 Many pieces of research have shown that CC and air pollution share many close relations.
Climate changes directly result in impacts to air quality in a specific area. The increasing of the temperature related to CC increases the ground-level ozone in many regions, which may bring challenges and difficulties in complying with ozone standards down the road. In turn, the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere such as particular matter (PM) can have whether warming or cooling effects on the climate. At the present, researches into the impact of CC on air pollutants and in reverse is less certain, however, they underway progress to address those uncertainties.
Thus, I have chosen the topic "Air pollution issues in Hanoi – Current status and solutions for air quality management in CC context” to find out the main reasons that cause air pollution, how CC and air pollution interact with each other, and how to improve the air quality management in the context of CC. Research objectives This research is conducted to identify a set of feasible measures for tackling air pollution in the context of current CC – one of the most significant dangerous phenomena at the present that affect all aspects include humans, social life, the economy, and the environment. My research, in detail, aims to solve three main questions: - What is the specific current status of air quality and its managerial condition in Hanoi? - How air pollution and CC interact with each other? - What can be done in reality to deal with air pollution in the context of CC? Concerning those questions profoundly, 5 key activities were conducted to address three research questions: (1) to collect the data of Hanoi’s socio-economic development status; (2) to collect the data of and air pollution condition in Hanoi (including data on PM2.5 concentrations, air quality index); (3) to analyze the current air pollution situation in Hanoi; 2 (4) to collect the condition of CC management in Hanoi and the correlation between CC and air pollution; (5) to propose solutions to handle air pollution in the context of CC. Structure of the thesis The thesis is organized into 6 chapters as below: Chapter 1: Introduction Overview Research objectives Structure of the thesis Learning outcomes Chapter 2.
Methodology Framework of the study Study area Methods of study Chapter 3: Theoretical basis and practical experience in air pollution and management in the context of climate change Air pollution Practical air pollution management measures Climate change The linkage between air pollution and climate change Chapter 4: Current situation of air pollution in Hanoi Causes of air pollution in Hanoi Air pollution condition in Hanoi 3 Effects caused by air pollution in Hanoi Current air pollution management tools Sub-conclusion Chapter 5: Proposed Air pollution measures Practical air pollution management measures around the world Proposed air pollution management measure in the context of adapting to climate change Sub-conclusion Chapter 6: Conclusion 4 1. Learning outcomes Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) of the MCCD Results of the Master’s thesis The thesis gave the fundamental knowledge and information about PLO1: Mastering the fundamental, interdisciplinary knowledge and air pollution, climate change, and its relationship briefly. The air methodologies to assess and address actual problems (fate and pollution is approached by the author considering the condition of features) related to CC mitigation, adaptation for sustainable climate change, pointing out the main causes, and proposing development at global, national, and local levels feasible measures to address the problem. The thesis found a knowledge gap between the efforts of reducing PLO2: Understanding and developing systematic thinking; air pollution and responding to climate change in Vietnam.
These necessary knowledge on science, technology, innovation, and are not closely related to each other. I have analyzed the air quality governance-related to CC response for development; identifying, condition in Hanoi, along with the trend of climate change.