VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY THU ZAR AUNG REMEDY SOLUTIONS FOR DEEP-SEATED LANDSLIDES: CASE STUDIES IN LAO CAI PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY THU ZAR AUNG REMEDY SOLUTIONS FOR DEEP-SEATED LANDSLIDES: CASE STUDIES IN LAO CAI MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: 8900201.04 QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr. NGUYEN CHAU LAN PROVINCE, VIETNAM Hanoi, 2023 ABSTRACT A landslide is one of the most common geological disasters that occurs in mountainous regions and coastal areas. In Vietnam, most landslides and slippage frequently occur in mountainous areas, mainly in Lao Cai province, during the rainy season. In 2021, a deep-seated landslide happened during the under construction of retaining structures and the new expressway Lao Cai – Sapa 4D highway road near the new Mong Sen bridge during the rainy season.
Next, slope failure occurred in near Muong Hoa valley, on Road No. In literature, there is limited research to study about the remedy solutions against landslides under rainfall and earthquake conditions in these areas. This research mainly focuses two key objectives: 1) the simulation of the slope stability by using numerical analysis with LEM (GEO-SLOPE) and FEM (PLAXIS); 2) finding the effectiveness countermeasures for remedy solutions against landslide failure triggered by heavy rainfall and earthquake along the highway in Lao Cai province. This study utilizes three remedy solutions: 1) slope cutting method; 2) retaining method; and 3) anchoring method to study the effect of several countermeasures.
Based on the analysis results from the numerical simulations of LEM and FEM under rainfall and earthquake conditions on the initial slope, the estimated failure surface occurs in the soil layer or above the bedrock layer, which indicates the instability of the slope and is consistent with the actual field results. This study shows that the numerical analysis both LEM and FEM model allow to predict the sliding surface of landslides based on the measured parameters of soil layers. The numerical analysis and construction feasibility of three remedy solutions in the case of rainfall and earthquake conditions indicate that, as expected, the F. values are highest and ground anchors passed through the slip failure surface and smallest shade in an anchoring method compared with the slope cutting method and retaining method.
Thus, an anchoring method is a suitable remedy solution against landslides under rainfall and earthquake conditions. Besides, this research reveals that the FE analyzes of the ground motion acceleration earthquake results are dramatic decreases compared with the pseudo-static earthquake. Moreover, this study indicates that the FEM (PLAXIS) is more accurate than the LEM (GEO-SLOPE) for practical design works. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, the author would like to give her special gratitude to the JAIF scholarship for giving an opportunity to have such a kind of great learning experience in VJU, especially in MCE.
First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my respected and diligent supervisor Dr. Nguyen Chau Lan (UTC, Hanoi, Vietnam) for his patient and enthusiastic supports, specific advice and guidance on every step of performing the research works. He spent hours trying to explain to me anytime even when being very busy. Furthermore, the author deeply indebted to Prof.
Nguyen Dinh Duc (MCE Director), Prof. Hironori Kato (MCE co-director), Dr. Nguyen Tien Dung (MCE coordinator), Assoc. Takeda Shinichi (MCE JICA expert), and Dr.
Nguyen Ngoc Vinh (MCE lecturer) for their kind supports, guidance, and recommendations in various aspects including during the lecture time and research period. Moreover, I’m gratefully recognized the help and supports from Ms. Hoa Bui (MCE program assistant), Mr. Bui Hoang Tan (MCE Lab Technical) and Ms.
Pham Lan Huong (temporary program assistant). And also, special thanks to Mr. Kieu Quang Huy (staff from UCT-Geo), I got many helps and supports from him for my research analysis. Additionally, I would like to extend further thanks to my classmates.
They helped me along staying in Vietnam to complete my research successfully. Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my family members for the support and belief on every step of my life, without them I could not have been in this place today. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.i LIST OF FIGURES .ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Location and detail conditions of the study area.
Case study 1: Road No.155, near new Mong Sen bridge, Trung Chai commune, Sapa town, Lao Cai province. Case study 2: Road No.152, near Muong Hoa valley, Cau May commune, Sapa town, Lao Cai province. Scope of the research. Outline and structure of the thesis.
Outline of the thesis. Structure of the thesis. Findings and Research contributions. Literature review of case studies.
Historical background of earthquake in Vietnam. Landslides causes and triggering mechanisms of Lao Cai province, Vietnam. Classifications of countermeasure for deep-seated landslides. Slope stability analysis and methods.
Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). Finite Element Method (FEM). Previous studies of slope stability using LEM (GEO-SLOPE) and FEM (PLAXIS) for Lao Cai area. DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
Topography and geology investigation. Geological bore hole investigation. Metrological data collection. Seismic data collection.
Laboratory testing results. Input parameters for LEM and FEM model of two case studies. Model geometry to analyze slope stability by LEM and FEM. Model geometry of case study 1 (Mong Sen).
Model geometry of case study 2 (Muong Hoa). Numerical modelling of case study 1 (Mong Sen) based on LEM and FEM. Numerical modelling of LEM. Numerical modelling of FEM.
Numerical modelling of case study 2 (Muong Hoa) based on LEM and FEM. Numerical modelling of LEM. Numerical modelling of FEM. ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.
Analysis results of Case Study 1 (Mong Sen) based on LEM and FEM. Case 1: Normal condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability result. Case 2: Rainfall condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability result 69 4. Case 3: Earthquake condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability result.
Case 4: Ground motion and pseudo-static earthquake condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability results based on FEM. Analysis results of Case Study 2 (Muong Hoa) based on LEM and FEM. Case 1: Normal condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability result. Case 2: Rainfall condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability result 81 4.
Case 3: Earthquake condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability result. Case 4: Ground motion and pseudo-static earthquake condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability results based on FEM. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 99 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.
Types of landslides, abbreviated version of Varnes' classification of slope movements (Varnes, 1978). Classification of countermeasure for deep-seated landslide (N. Acceleration data from Vietnamese Standard (TCVN 9386-2012). Physical and mechanical properties of soil layer and rock layer.
Physical and mechanical properties of soil layer and rock layer. Input parameters of soil material to input GEO-SLOPE (Case Study 1). Input parameters of soil material to input PLAXIS 2D (Case Study 1). Input parameters of soil material to input GEO-SLOPE (Case Study 2).
Input parameters of soil material to input PLAXIS 2D (Case Study 2). Input parameters of countermeasure to input GEO-SLOPE. Input parameters of countermeasure to input PLAXIS 2D. Input parameters of SWCC in SEEP/W for case study 1 (Mong Sen).
Input parameters of Hydraulic Conductivity in SEEP/W for case study 1 (Mong Sen). Input parameters of SWCC in SEEP/W for case study 2 (Muong Hoa). Input parameters of Hydraulic Conductivity in SEEP/W for case study 2 (Muong Hoa). Rainfall parameters and Earthquake coefficient for GEO-SLOPE.
Ground water flow parameters of soil material for case study 1 (Mong Sen). Ground water flow parameters of soil material for case study 2 (Muong Hoa). Rainfall parameters and Earthquake coefficient for PLAXIS .56 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Schematic illustration of landslides (Varnes, 1978).
Schematic illustration of the major types of landslide movement (U. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008). Location of the study area: Northern region of Vietnam (Map of Vietnam). Location of the case study 1 (Mong Sen).
Location of the case study 2 (Muong Hoa valley). Flow chart shows the outline of the thesis (a) general framework of the research; (b) flow of the analysis steps. Deformation and failure area of (Zhang et al. Part of the road collapsed area of (Islam et al.
Pre-event and Post-event of Thae Phyu Kone landslide (Panday & Dong, 2021). Landslide body on Halong-Vandon new expressway. Sliding failure along the Noi Bai – Lao Cai highway. Location of the landslide site.
Seismic network of Vietnam (L. Nguyen et al. Map of the recorded earthquake in North of Vietnam (L. Nguyen et al.
Selection flow chart of countermeasure. Bishop’s Simplified factor of safety (Calgary, 2020). Elastic perfectly plastic model concept. Methodology flow chart.
Numerical analysis flow chart. Slope collapsed area for case study 1 (Mong Sen). Slope collapsed area for case study 2 (Muong Hoa). Geological map of case study 1 (Mong Sen).
Geological map of case study 2 (Muong Hoa). Geological bored hole layout cross section for case study 1 (Mong Sen). Geological bored hole layout cross section for case study 2 (Muong Hoa). Monthly rainfall and accumulative rainfall data (a) 2021; (b) 2022.
Ground motion recorded from Dien Bien earthquake (2001). Geological distribution of bored hole cross section (a) case study 1 (Mong Sen); (b) case study 2 (Muong Hoa). Input parameters window for SWCC and Hydraulic Conductivity. Input parameters window for seismic coefficient in SLOPE/W.
Input parameters window for ground water flow. Input parameters window for pseudo-static and ground motion earthquake. Model geometry (a) initial slope; (b) remedy solution 1; (c) remedy solution 2 (option 1); (d) remedy solution 2 (option 2); (e) remedy solution 3. Model geometry of SEEP/W by hydraulic boundary.
Model geometry (a) initial slope; (b) remedy solution 1; (c) remedy solution 2 (option 1); (d) remedy solution 2 (option 2); (e) remedy solution 3. Model geometry of rainfall condition by infiltration boundary. Model geometry (a) initial slope; (b) with remedy solution 1; (c) with remedy solution 2; (d) with remedy solution 3. Model geometry of SEEP/W by hydraulic boundary.
Model geometry (a) initial slope; (b) with remedy solution 1; (c) with remedy solution 2; (d) with remedy solution 3. Model geometry of rainfall condition by infiltration boundary. Slope stability analysis results of initial slope (a) LEM; (b) FEM. Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 1 (a) LEM; (b) FEM.
Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 2 (option 1) (a) LEM; (b) FEM. Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 2 (option 2) (a) LEM; (b) FEM. Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 3 (a) LEM; (b) FEM. Normal condition of initial and remedy solution slope stability results based on LEM and FEM.
Slope stability analysis results of initial slope (a) LEM; (b) FEM. Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 1 (a) LEM; (b) FEM. Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 2 (option 1) (a) LEM; (b) FEM. Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 2 (option 2) (a) LEM; (b) FEM.
Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 3 (a) LEM; (b) FEM 72 Figure 4. Rainfall condition of initial and remedy solutions slope stability results based on LEM and FEM. Slope stability analysis results of original terrain (a) LEM; (b) FEM. Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 1 (a) LEM; (b) FEM 75 Figure 4.
Slope stability analysis results of remedy solution 2 (option 1) (a) LEM; (b) FEM .