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Printed in the U. This book may be purchased from the publisher at eureka-math.2015 Eureka Math: A Story of Ratios Contributors Michael Allwood, Curriculum Writer Tiah Alphonso, Program Manager—Curriculum Production Catriona Anderson, Program Manager—Implementation Support Beau Bailey, Curriculum Writer Scott Baldridge, Lead Mathematician and Lead Curriculum Writer Bonnie Bergstresser, Math Auditor Gail Burrill, Curriculum Writer Beth Chance, Statistician Joanne Choi, Curriculum Writer Jill Diniz, Program Director Lori Fanning, Curriculum Writer Ellen Fort, Math Auditor Kathy Fritz, Curriculum Writer Glenn Gebhard, Curriculum Writer Krysta Gibbs, Curriculum Writer Winnie Gilbert, Lead Writer / Editor, Grade 8 Pam Goodner, Math Auditor Debby Grawn, Curriculum Writer Bonnie Hart, Curriculum Writer Stefanie Hassan, Lead Writer / Editor, Grade 8 Sherri Hernandez, Math Auditor Bob Hollister, Math Auditor Patrick Hopfensperger, Curriculum Writer Sunil Koswatta, Mathematician, Grade 8 Brian Kotz, Curriculum Writer Henry Kranendonk, Lead Writer / Editor, Statistics Connie Laughlin, Math Auditor Jennifer Loftin, Program Manager—Professional Development Nell McAnelly, Project Director Ben McCarty, Mathematician Stacie McClintock, Document Production Manager Saki Milton, Curriculum Writer Pia Mohsen, Curriculum Writer Jerry Moreno, Statistician Ann Netter, Lead Writer / Editor, Grades 6–7 Sarah Oyler, Document Coordinator Roxy Peck, Statistician, Lead Writer / Editor, Statistics Terrie Poehl, Math Auditor Kristen Riedel, Math Audit Team Lead Spencer Roby, Math Auditor Kathleen Scholand, Math Auditor Erika Silva, Lead Writer / Editor, Grade 6–7 Robyn Sorenson, Math Auditor Hester Sutton, Advisor / Reviewer Grades 6–7 Shannon Vinson, Lead Writer / Editor, Statistics Allison Witcraft, Math Auditor Julie Wortmann, Lead Writer / Editor, Grade 7 David Wright, Mathematician, Lead Writer / Editor, Grades 6–7 Board of Trustees Lynne Munson, President and Executive Director of Great Minds Nell McAnelly, Chairman, Co-Director Emeritus of the Gordon A. Cain Center for STEM Literacy at Louisiana State University William Kelly, Treasurer, Co-Founder and CEO at ReelDx Jason Griffiths, Secretary, Director of Programs at the National Academy of Advanced Teacher Education Pascal Forgione, Former Executive Director of the Center on K-12 Assessment and Performance Management at ETS Lorraine Griffith, Title I Reading Specialist at West Buncombe Elementary School in Asheville, North Carolina Bill Honig, President of the Consortium on Reading Excellence (CORE) Richard Kessler, Executive Dean of Mannes College the New School for Music Chi Kim, Former Superintendent, Ross School District Karen LeFever, Executive Vice President and Chief Development Officer at ChanceLight Behavioral Health and Education Maria Neira, Former Vice President, New York State United Teachers A STORY OF RATIOS 8 GRADE Mathematics Curriculum GRADE 8 • MODULE 1 Table of Contents1 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation Module Overview. 2 Topic A: Exponential Notation and Properties of Integer Exponents (8.
11 Lesson 1: Exponential Notation. 13 Lesson 2: Multiplication of Numbers in Exponential Form. 21 Lesson 3: Numbers in Exponential Form Raised to a Power. 33 Lesson 4: Numbers Raised to the Zeroth Power.
42 Lesson 5: Negative Exponents and the Laws of Exponents. 52 Lesson 6: Proofs of Laws of Exponents. 62 Mid-Module Assessment and Rubric. 72 Topic A (assessment 1 day, return 1 day, remediation or further applications 1 day) Topic B: Magnitude and Scientific Notation (8.
87 Lesson 8: Estimating Quantities. 93 Lesson 9: Scientific Notation. 105 Lesson 10: Operations with Numbers in Scientific Notation. 114 Lesson 11: Efficacy of Scientific Notation.
121 Lesson 12: Choice of Unit. 129 Lesson 13: Comparison of Numbers Written in Scientific Notation and Interpreting Scientific Notation Using Technology. 138 End-of-Module Assessment and Rubric. 148 Topics A through B (assessment 1 day, return 1 day, remediation or further applications 2 days) 1Each lesson is ONE day, and ONE day is considered a 45-minute period.
Module 1: Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation 1 ©2015 Great Minds.org A STORY OF RATIOS Module Overview 8•1 Grade 8 • Module 1 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation OVERVIEW In Module 1, students’ knowledge of operations on numbers is expanded to include operations on numbers in integer exponents. Module 1 also builds on students’ understanding from previous grades with regard to transforming expressions. Students were introduced to exponential notation in Grade 5 as they used whole number exponents to denote powers of ten (5. In Grade 6, students expanded the use of exponents to include bases other than ten as they wrote and evaluated exponential expressions limited to whole- number exponents (6.
Students made use of exponents again in Grade 7 as they learned formulas for the area of a circle (7. In this module, students build upon their foundation with exponents as they make conjectures about how zero and negative exponents of a number should be defined and prove the properties of integer exponents (8. These properties are codified into three laws of exponents. They make sense out of very large and very small numbers, using the number line model to guide their understanding of the relationship of those numbers to each other (8.
Having established the properties of integer exponents, students learn to express the magnitude of a positive number through the use of scientific notation and to compare the relative size of two numbers written in scientific notation (8. Students explore the use of scientific notation and choose appropriately sized units as they represent, compare, and make calculations with very large quantities (e. national debt, the number of stars in the universe, and the mass of planets) and very small quantities, such as the mass of subatomic particles (8. The Mid-Module Assessment follows Topic A.
The End-of-Module Assessment follows Topic B. Focus Standards Work with radicals and integer exponents.1 Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions.3 Use numbers expressed in the form of a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other. For example, estimate the population of the United States as 3 × 108 and the population of the world as 7 × 109 , and determine that the world population is more than 20 times larger. Module 1: Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation 2 ©2015 Great Minds.org A STORY OF RATIOS Module Overview 8•1 8.4 Perform operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used.
Use scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements of very large or very small quantities (e., use millimeters per year for seafloor spreading). Interpret scientific notation that has been generated by technology. Foundational Standards Understand the place value system.2 Explain patterns in the number of zeros of the product when multiplying a number by powers of 10, and explain patterns in the placement of the decimal point when a decimal is multiplied or divided by a power of 10. Use whole-number exponents to denote powers of 10.
Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.1 Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents. Solve real-life and mathematical problems involving angle measure, area, surface area, and volume.4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems; give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle.6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, cubes, and right prisms. Focus Standards for Mathematical Practice MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Students use concrete numbers to explore the properties of numbers in exponential form and then prove that the properties are true for all positive bases and all integer exponents using symbolic representations for bases and exponents.
As lessons progress, students use symbols to represent integer exponents and make sense of those quantities in problem situations. Students refer to symbolic notation in order to contextualize the requirements and limitations of given statements (e., letting 𝑚𝑚, 𝑛𝑛 represent positive integers, letting 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 represent all integers, both with respect to the properties of exponents). Module 1: Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation 3 ©2015 Great Minds.org A STORY OF RATIOS Module Overview 8•1 MP.3 Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Students reason through the acceptability of definitions and proofs (e., the definitions of 𝑥𝑥 0 and 𝑥𝑥 −𝑏𝑏 for all integers 𝑏𝑏 and positive integers 𝑥𝑥).
New definitions, as well as proofs, require students to analyze situations and break them into cases. Further, students examine the implications of these definitions and proofs on existing properties of integer exponents. Students keep the goal of a logical argument in mind while attending to details that develop during the reasoning process.6 Attend to precision. Beginning with the first lesson on exponential notation, students are required to attend to the definitions provided throughout the lessons and the limitations of symbolic statements, making sure to express what they mean clearly.
Students are provided a hypothesis, such as 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑦𝑦, for positive integers 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, and then are asked to evaluate whether a statement, like −2 < 5, contradicts this hypothesis.7 Look for and make use of structure. Students understand and make analogies to the distributive law as they develop properties of exponents. Students will know 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 as an analog of 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 = (𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛)𝑥𝑥 and (𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 )𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑛𝑛 as an analog of 𝑛𝑛 ∙ (𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑥𝑥) = (𝑛𝑛 ∙ 𝑚𝑚) ∙ 𝑥𝑥.8 Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. While evaluating the cases developed for the proofs of laws of exponents, students identify when a statement must be proved or if it has already been proven.
Students see the use of the laws of exponents in application problems and notice the patterns that are developed in problems. Terminology New or Recently Introduced Terms Order of Magnitude (The order of magnitude of a finite decimal is the exponent in the power of 10 when that decimal is expressed in scientific notation. For example, the order of magnitude of 192.7 is 2, because when 192.7 is expressed in scientific notation as 1.927 × 102 , 2 is the exponent of 102 .) Scientific Notation (The scientific notation for a finite decimal is the representation of that decimal as the product of a decimal 𝑠𝑠 and a power of 10, where 𝑠𝑠 satisfies the property that its absolute value is at least one but less than ten, or in symbolic notation, 1 ≤ |𝑠𝑠| < 10. For example, the scientific notation for 192.) Module 1: Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation 4 ©2015 Great Minds.org A STORY OF RATIOS Module Overview 8•1 Familiar Terms and Symbols 2 Base, Exponent, Power Equivalent Fractions Expanded Form (of decimal numbers) Exponential Notation Integer Square and Cube (of a number) Whole Number Suggested Tools and Representations Scientific Calculator Rapid White Board Exchanges Implementing an RWBE requires that each student be provided with a personal white board, a white board marker, and an eraser.
An economic choice for these materials is to place two sheets of tag board (recommended) or cardstock, one red and one white, into a sheet protector. The white side is the “paper” side that students write on. The red side is the “signal” side, which can be used for students to indicate they have finished working—“Show red when ready.” Sheets of felt cut into small squares can be used as erasers. An RWBE consists of a sequence of 10 to 20 problems on a specific topic or skill that starts out with a relatively simple problem and progressively gets more difficult.