net LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS LOS SOLUCIONARIOS CONTIENEN TODOS LOS EJERCICIOS DEL LIBRO RESUELTOS Y EXPLICADOS DE FORMA CLARA VISITANOS PARA DESARGALOS GRATIS. hein_FM_i-xxvi_hr1.qxd 11/15/10 3:27 PM Page i INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY Tenth Edition This page intentionally left blank hein_FM_i-xxvi_hr1.qxd 11/16/10 3:43 PM Page iii INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY Tenth Edition Morris Hein Mount San Antonio College Scott Pattison Ball State University Susan Arena University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hein_FM_i-xxvi_hr1.qxd 11/15/10 3:27 PM Page iv Vice President & Executive Publisher Kaye Pace Associate Publisher Petra Recter Acquisitions Editor Nicholas Ferrari Editorial Project Coordinator Catherine Donovan Associate Editor Alyson Rentrop Marketing Manager Kristine Ruff Production Manager Dorothy Sinclair Production Editor Sandra Dumas Cover Designer Wendy Lai Executive Media Editor Thomas Kulesa Media Editor Marc Wezdecki Photo Department Manager Hilary Newman Photo Editor Ellinor Wagner Senior Illustration Editor Anna Melhorn Production Management Services Ingrao Associates This book was typeset in 10/12 Minister Light at Prepare and printed and bound by R. The cover was printed by R. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.com/go/citizenship. The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield -harvesting of its timberlands. Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth. This book is printed on acid-free paper. q Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at www.com/go/returnlabel. Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative. ISBN 13 978-0470-59880-1 ISBN 13 978-0470-91774-9 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 hein_FM_i-xxvi_hr1.qxd 11/15/10 3:27 PM Page v We dedicate this edition to The International Year of Chemistry 2011. This page intentionally left blank hein_FM_i-xxvi_hr1.qxd 11/15/10 3:27 PM Page vii ABOUT THE AUTHORS Morris Hein is professor emeritus of chemistry at Mt. San Antonio College, where he regularly taught the preparatory chemistry course and organic chemistry. He is the original author of Foundations of College Chemistry and his name has become synony- mous with clarity, meticulous accuracy, and a step-by-step approach that students can follow. Over the years, more than three million students have learned chemistry using a text by Morris Hein. In addition to Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, 10E, he is co-author of Foundations of College Chemistry, 13E. He is also the co-author of Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory, 13E and Introduction to General, Organ- ic and Biochemistry in the Laboratory, 10E. Pattison lives in Muncie, Indiana, where he is a professor of chemistry at Ball State University. He maintains active, current research involving zinc metabolism that provides laboratory experience for both undergraduate and graduate students. A dedicated teacher at the university level for twenty-seven years, his primary area of in- struction is biochemistry; however, he greatly enjoys teaching medical/nursing chem- istry and general chemistry. Scott became a co-author with Morris Hein on the third edition of Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, and he brings his knowl- edge of students, subject matter, and current research to the text. In addition to his professional career, he volunteers in local schools from preschool through high school, providing extra science experiences for tomorrow’s university students. Susan Arena has taught chemistry to students at many levels including middle school, high school, community college and most recently at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. She especially focuses on using active learning techniques to im- prove the understanding of concepts in chemistry. Susan currently authors chem- istry texts and electronic media, and presents workshops for teachers in using active learning and electronic media to teach chemistry. She collaborated with Morris Hein on the seventh edition of Foundations of College Chemistry and became a co-author on the eighth and subsequent editions. We remember Leo R. Best, our colleague, who was an original co-author of this book with Morris Hein. vii This page intentionally left blank hein_FM_i-xxvi_hr1.qxd 11/15/10 3:27 PM Page ix P R E FA C E It is our purpose to teach students the basic fundamentals of chemistry, so that they understand and use this knowledge in their future science courses and in their every- day lives. Chemistry is everywhere. What pleasure it will give you when you read a sci- ence-related article on the internet or in the newspaper and you say to yourself: I understand what they are talking about. It is for you, the student, that we have writ- ten this book. It is our primary goal that you learn the subject matter presented so we can feel proud that we have helped further your career. The central focus of this tenth edition of Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry is to present chemistry in a clear, engaging manner to stimulate stu- dents to see the relationship of chemistry to their chosen careers. Development of Problem-Solving Skills We all want our students to develop real skills in solving problems. We believe that a key to the success of this text is the fact that our problem-solving approach works for students. It is a step-by-step process that teaches the use of units and shows the change from one unit to the next. We have added a new section (4.5) in order to em- phasize the general process to solve problems. We have then used this problem- solving approach in our examples throughout the text to encourage students to think their way through each problem. In this edition we continue to use examples to in- corporate fundamental mathematical skills, scientific notation, and significant figures. We have added Problem-Solving Strategy boxes in the text to highlight the steps need- ed to solve chemistry problems. Painstaking care has been taken to show each step in the problem-solving process and to use these steps in solving example problems. These alternative methods give students flexibility in choosing the one that works best for them. We continue to use four significant figures for atomic and molar masses for consistency and for rounding off answers. We are meticulous in providing answers, cor- rectly rounded, for students who have difficulty with mathematics. p g g Problem-Solving Strategy for Stoichiometry Problems Use a balanced equation. Determine the number of moles of starting substance. The formula for sodium oxide is Na2O. Predict the formula for Identify the starting substance from the data given in the problem statement. (a) sodium sulfide Convert the quantity of the starting substance to moles, if it is not already done: (b) rubidium oxide 1 mole moles = (grams) a b molar mass Practice 11. Determine the mole ratio of the desired substance to the starting substance. The formula for barium phosphide is Ba3P2 . Predict the formula for The number of moles of each substance in the balanced equation is indicated by (a) magnesium nitride the coefficient in front of each substance. Use these coefficients to set up the (b) barium arsenide mole ratio: moles of desired substance in the equation Problem-Solving Strategy Practice Problems Fostering Student Skills Attitude plays a critical role in problem solving. We encourage students to learn that a systematic method approach to solving problems is better than simple memorization. Once we have laid the foundations of concepts, we highlight the steps so students can locate them easily. Important rules and equations are highlighted for emphasis and ready reference. Student Practice Practice problems follow the examples in the text, with answers provided at the end of the chapter, and in this edition a number of new practice prob- lems have been added throughout the text. The end of each chapter begins with Review ix hein_FM_i-xxvi_hr1.qxd 11/15/10 3:27 PM Page x x PREFACE Questions, which help students review key terms and concepts, as well as material pre- sented in tables and figures. This is followed by Paired Exercises, covering concepts and numerical exercises, where two similar exercises are presented side by side. Additional Exercises, includes further practice problems presented in a more random order. Finally, Challenge Exercises present problems designed to take the student be- yond the basic chapter material. This new edition includes many new exercises and problems. Answers for selected exercises appear in Appendix VI and answers for Putting It Together review exercises appear in Appendix VII. Emphasis on Real-World Aspects The fundamentals of basic chemistry are covered in Chapters 1 through 18. The less theoretical aspects of chemistry are presented early in the book, leaving more abstract material for later. New material is presented at a level appropriate for beginning stu- dents by emphasizing the language of chemistry, equation writing and balancing, and calculations involving chemical reactions. The Periodic Table is first introduced in Chapter 3 along with elements, compounds, and chemical formulas. Then in Chapter 5, students encounter the history and language of basic atomic theory. This subject is further discussed in detail in Chapters 10 and 11 with discussion of modern atomic the- ory and the Periodic Table. Instructors who want to teach atomic theory and chemical bonding early in the course can cover Chapters 10 and 11 immediately after Chapter 5. Other aspects of General Chemistry such as gasses, liquids, acids, bases and salts, chemical equilibrium, oxidation-reduction and nuclear chemistry can be explored at the discretion of the Instructor and the time constraint of the semester. Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry are studied in Chapters 19 to 26 and Chap- ters 27 to 35 respectively. We have reviewed and carefully selected organic reactions to illustrate the reactions of important functional groups. Three organic reactions— substitution, addition, and elimination—are introduced, and where possible, subse- quent chapters present reactions within this framework. IUPAC nomenclature is emphasized in this edition, but we have considered how organics are named in everyday usage. Thus we also use common names if they con- tinue to be widely used. A full chapter (26) on Stereoisomerism unfolds the impor- tance of chemical structure of organic and biochemical substances. Practical applications are pointed out in subsequent chapters. Finally, we examine the principles of biochemistry and again strive to illustrate cur- rent, relevant applications such as DNA, gene therapy, nucleic acids and heredity, and use of industrial enzymes. Because biochemistry is increasingly a visual science, many new molecular models have been incorporated to help students better com- prehend biochemical functions.
