Complete Solutions Manual GENERAL CHEMISTRY NINTH EDITION Ebbing/Gammon David Bookin Mt. San Jacinto College Darrell D. Ebbing Wayne State University, Emeritus Steven D. Gammon Western Washington University HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK www.org Vice President and Executive Publisher: George Hoffman Vice President and Publisher: Charles Hartford Senior Marketing Manager: Laura McGinn Development Editor: Kate Heinle Assistant Editor: Amy Galvin Editorial Assistant: Chip Cheek Marketing Assistant: Kris Bishop Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Houghton Mifflin Company hereby grants you permission to reproduce the Houghton Mifflin material contained in this work in classroom quantities, solely for use with the accompanying Houghton Mifflin textbook. All reproductions must include the Houghton Mifflin copyright notice, and no fee may be collected except to cover cost of duplication. If you wish to make any other use of this material, including reproducing or transmitting the material or portions thereof in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including any information storage or retrieval system, you must obtain prior written permission from Houghton Mifflin Company, unless such use is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. If you wish to reproduce material acknowledging a rights holder other than Houghton Mifflin Company, you must obtain permission from the rights holder. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764. ISBN 13: 978-0-618-95211-3 ISBN 10: 0-618-95211-X Contents PREFACE. XI CHAPTER 1 – CHEMISTRY AND MEASUREMENT . 1 Solutions To Exercises . 1 Answers To Concept Checks . 3 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 4 Answers To Concept Explorations . 7 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 8 Solutions To Practice Problems . 11 Solutions To General Problems . 20 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 29 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 30 CHAPTER 2 – ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS . 36 Solutions To Exercises . 36 Answers To Concept Checks . 38 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 39 Answers To Concept Explorations . 42 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 43 Solutions To Practice Problems . 45 Solutions To General Problems . 56 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 63 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 64 CHAPTER 3 – CALCULATIONS WITH CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS . 66 Solutions To Exercises . 66 Answers To Concept Checks . 71 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 73 Answers To Concept Explorations . 75 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 77 Solutions To Practice Problems . 79 Solutions To General Problems . 103 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 109 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 113 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.org iv Contents CHAPTER 4 – CHEMICAL REACTIONS . 116 Solutions To Exercises . 116 Answers To Concept Checks . 120 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 122 Answers To Concept Explorations . 124 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 127 Solutions To Practice Problems . 129 Solutions To General Problems . 145 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 155 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 157 CHAPTER 5 – THE GASEOUS STATE . 164 Solutions To Exercises . 164 Answers To Concept Checks . 170 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 172 Answers To Concept Explorations . 176 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 177 Solutions To Practice Problems . 179 Solutions To General Problems . 192 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 200 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 207 Solutions To Exercises . 207 Answers To Concept Checks . 209 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 210 Answers To Concept Explorations . 213 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 214 Solutions To Practice Problems . 216 Solutions To General Problems . 225 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 233 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 235 CHAPTER 7 – QUANTUM THEORY OF THE ATOM. 242 Solutions To Exercises . 242 Answers To Concept Checks . 243 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 244 Answers To Concept Explorations . 246 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. 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Contents v Answers To Conceptual Problems . 248 Solutions To Practice Problems . 250 Solutions To General Problems . 257 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 262 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 264 CHAPTER 8 – ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS AND PERIODICITY . 268 Solutions To Exercises . 268 Answers To Concept Checks . 269 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 270 Answers To Concept Explorations . 273 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 274 Solutions To Practice Problems . 276 Solutions To General Problems . 279 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 282 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 283 CHAPTER 9 – IONIC AND COVALENT BONDING . 286 Solutions To Exercises . 286 Answers To Concept Checks . 289 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 291 Answers To Concept Explorations . 294 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 295 Solutions To Practice Problems . 298 Solutions To General Problems . 317 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 328 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 330 CHAPTER 10 – MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND CHEMICAL BONDING THEORY . 336 Solutions To Exercises . 336 Answers To Concept Checks . 340 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 341 Answers To Concept Explorations . 344 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 345 Solutions To Practice Problems . 348 Solutions To General Problems . 361 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 368 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 370 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.org vi Contents CHAPTER 11 – STATES OF MATTER; LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS . 375 Solutions To Exercises . 375 Answers To Concept Checks . 377 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 379 Answers To Concept Explorations . 381 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 384 Solutions To Practice Problems . 387 Solutions To General Problems . 399 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 407 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 413 Solutions To Exercises . 413 Answers To Concept Checks . 417 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 418 Answers To Concept Explorations . 421 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 422 Solutions To Practice Problems . 424 Solutions To General Problems . 435 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 445 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 448 CHAPTER 13 – RATES OF REACTION . 453 Solutions To Exercises . 453 Answers To Concept Checks . 455 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 457 Answers To Concept Explorations . 460 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 461 Solutions To Practice Problems . 464 Solutions To General Problems . 478 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 490 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 492 CHAPTER 14 – CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM . 496 Solutions To Exercises . 496 Answers To Concept Checks . 500 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 501 Answers To Concept Explorations . 504 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. 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Contents vii Answers To Conceptual Problems . 505 Solutions To Practice Problems . 507 Solutions To General Problems . 521 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 536 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 541 CHAPTER 15 – ACIDS AND BASES . 543 Solutions To Exercises . 543 Answers To Concept Checks . 545 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 545 Answers To Concept Explorations . 548 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 549 Solutions To Practice Problems . 550 Solutions To General Problems . 561 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 568 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 571 CHAPTER 16 – ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA . 572 Solutions To Exercises . 572 Answers To Concept Checks . 582 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 583 Answers To Concept Explorations . 587 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 589 Solutions To Practice Problems . 591 Solutions To General Problems . 624 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 648 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 655 CHAPTER 17 – SOLUBILITY AND COMPLEX-ION EQUILIBRIA . 657 Solutions To Exercises . 657 Answers To Concept Checks . 661 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 662 Answers To Concept Explorations . 664 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 666 Solutions To Practice Problems . 667 Solutions To General Problems . 683 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 698 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 702 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.org viii Contents CHAPTER 18 – THERMODYNAMICS AND EQUILIBRIUM . 706 Solutions To Exercises . 706 Answers To Concept Checks . 710 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 710 Answers To Concept Explorations . 713 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 714 Solutions To Practice Problems . 716 Solutions To General Problems . 728 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 738 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 750 Solutions To Exercises . 750 Answers To Concept Checks . 756 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 757 Answers To Concept Explorations . 760 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 761 Solutions To Practice Problems . 764 Solutions To General Problems . 795 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 808 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 811 CHAPTER 20 – NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY . 816 Solutions To Exercises . 816 Answers To Concept Checks . 819 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 820 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 822 Solutions To Practice Problems . 824 Solutions To General Problems . 836 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 844 Solutions To Cumulative-Skills Problems . 848 CHAPTER 21 – CHEMISTRY OF THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS. 852 Answers To Concept Checks . 852 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 852 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 860 Solutions To Practice Problems . 861 Solutions To General Problems . 880 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. 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Contents ix Solutions To Strategy Problems . 887 CHAPTER 22 – THE TRANSITION ELEMENTS AND COORDINATION COMPOUNDS . 894 Solutions To Exercises . 894 Answers To Concept Checks . 896 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 896 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 900 Solutions To Practice Problems . 901 Solutions To General Problems . 912 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 915 CHAPTER 23 – ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . 918 Solutions To Exercises . 918 Answers To Concept Checks . 922 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 922 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 925 Solutions To Practice Problems . 927 Solutions To General Problems . 938 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 943 CHAPTER 24 – POLYMER MATERIALS: SYNTHETIC AND BIOLOGICAL . 946 Solutions To Exercises . 946 Answers To Concept Checks . 946 Answers To Self-Assessment And Review Questions . 947 Answers To Conceptual Problems . 949 Solutions To Practice Problems . 951 Solutions To General Problems . 956 Solutions To Strategy Problems . 959 APPENDIX A – MATHEMATICAL SKILLS . 967 Solutions To Exercises . 967 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.org Preface This Complete Solutions Manual provides worked-out answers to all of the problems that appear in General Chemistry, 9th Edition, by Darrell D. Ebbing and Steven D. The solutions follow the same order as the textbook: Exercises Concept Checks Self-Assessment and Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Cumulative-Skills Problems For convenience, the short answers for all in-chapter Exercises, Concept Checks, and Self-Assessment and Review Questions, as well as for selected odd-numbered problems are provided at the back of the textbook. This Complete Solutions Manual provides detailed solutions for all in-chapter Exercises, as well as in-depth answers to the Concept Checks, Self-Assessment and Review Questions, Concept Explorations, and Conceptual Problems. Step-by-step worked-out solutions are provided for all Practice Problems, General Problems, Strategy Problems, and Cumulative-Skills Problems. For each chapter of the text, six additional interactive Self-Assessment and Review Questions are available at the student website (college.com/pic/ebbing9e). Their in-depth answers are available online, and are not included in this manual. In addition, a Strategies and Solutions Guide for the Concept Checks and Conceptual Problems is also available at the website. Please note the following: Significant figures: The answer is first shown with 1 to 2 nonsignificant figures and no units, and the least significant digit is underlined. The answer is then rounded off to the correct number of significant figures, and the units are added.