MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATION THESIS FACTORS AFFECTING THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF REAL ESTATE ENTERPRISES ON THE VIETNAM STOCK EXCHANGE MAJOR: FINANCE - BANKING CODE: 7340201 NGUYEN HAO GIA KHANH HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATION THESIS FACTORS AFFECTING THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF REAL ESTATE ENTERPRISES ON THE VIETNAM STOCK EXCHANGE MAJOR: FINANCE - BANKING CODE: 7340201 Student: NGUYEN HAO GIA KHANH Student ID: 050608200072 Class ID: HQ8-GE04 ACADEMIC ADVISOR PHD. DUONG THI THUY AN HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024 ABSTRACT Title: Factors affecting the capital structure of real estate enterprises on the Vietnam stock exchange Summary: This research was conducted based on secondary data including 36 real estate enterprises listed on the HOSE and the HNX. Research data is compiled on financial reports taken from vietstock.vn for 10 years from 2013 - 2022. At the same time, the author also relies on theoretical foundations to determine the relationships between factors affecting the capital structure of real estate enterprises on the Vietnam stock exchange.
Theoretical foundations related to capital structure include M&M theory, Trade-off theory, Pecking order theory, and Agency theory. These are some theories that researchers have pointed out as factors affecting financial leverage. From the comments on theoretical foundations and results of previous studies, the author proposes a research model with independent variables such as Profitability (PFT), Firm size (SIZE), Tangibility of assets (TAN), Growth opportunities (GRO), Liquidity (LIQ), Cost of debt (COD), and Taxation (TAX) that are factors affecting the capital structure of real estate enterprises. In addition, the author conducts the regression model with Pooled OLS, FEM, REM, and GLS estimation methods and tests model misspecifications to accurately determine the most optimal regression model.
Research results show Profitability, Cost of debt, and Liquidity have a negative impact on the debt-to-total asset ratio. On the contrary, Firm size, Taxation have a positive impact on capital structure. Based on the results of the regression model, the author finds some limitations that firms need to consider and overcome in the future to choose the optimal capital structure. Therefore, the author has made recommendations to help Vietnamese enterprises in general and real estate enterprises in particular have the basis to build and establish an effective capital structure.
Key factors: capital structure, real estate enterprises, Vietnam stock exchange TÓM TẮT KHÓA LUẬN Đề tài: Factors affecting the capital structure of real estate enterprises on the Vietnam stock exchange Tóm tắt: Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện dựa trên số liệu thứ cấp gồm 36 doanh nghiệp bất động sản niêm yết trên sàn chứng khoán HOSE và sàn chứng khoán HNX. Dữ liệu nghiên cứu được tổng hợp trên báo cáo tài chính lấy từ vietstock.vn trong 10 năm từ 2013 - 2022. Đồng thời, tác giả cũng dựa trên các cơ sở lý thuyết làm nền tảng để xác định các mối quan hệ giữa các nhân tố tác động đến cấu trúc vốn của các doanh nghiệp bất động sản trên sàn chứng khoán Việt Nam. Các cơ sở lý thuyết liên quan đến cấu trúc vốn bao gồm M&M theory, Trade-off theory, Pecking order theory, Agency theory.
Đây là một số lý thuyết được các nhà nghiên cứu chỉ ra các yếu tố tác động đến đòn bẩy tài chính. Từ các nhận định của các cơ sở lý thuyết và kết quả của các nghiên cứu trước đây, tác giả đưa ra mô hình nghiên cứu với các biến độc lập như Profitability (PFT), Firm size (SIZE), Tangibility of assets (TAN), Growth opportunities (GRO), Liquidity (LIQ), Cost of debt (COD), Taxation (TAX) - yếu tố tác động đến cấu trúc vốn của doanh nghiệp bất động sản. Bên cạnh đó, tác giả chạy mô hình hồi quy với các phương pháp ước lượng Pooled OLS, FEM, REM, GLS và kiểm định các khuyết tật mô hình nhằm xác định chính xác mô hình hồi quy tối ưu nhất. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy Profitability, Cost of debt và Liquidity có tác động ngược chiều đến hệ số nợ trên tổng tài sản.
Ngược lại, Firm size, Taxation lại có tác động tích cực với cấu trúc vốn. Dựa trên kết quả mô hình hồi quy, tác giả nhận thấy một số hạn chế mà các doanh nghiệp cần xem xét và khắc phục trong thời gian tới để lựa chọn cơ cấu vốn tối ưu. Do đó, tác giả đã đưa ra các kiến nghị nhằm giúp các doanh nghiệp Việt Nam nói chung và các doanh nghiệp bất động sản nói riêng có cơ sở để xây dựng và thiết lập một cơ cấu vốn hiệu quả. Từ khóa: capital structure, real estate enterprises, Vietnam stock exchange COMMITMENT The topic of the graduation thesis “Factors affecting the capital structure of real estate enterprises on the Vietnam stock exchange” is an independent research work of the author under the direction of Duong Thi Thuy An, PhD.
- Ho Chi Minh University of Banking. This thesis is the author’s research work, the research results are honest and do not contain previously published content or content done by others, except for citations that are fully cited in the thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, April 26th, 2024 Author Nguyen Hao Gia Khanh ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, i would like to sincerely thank the teachers of Ho Chi Minh University of Banking has imparted to me professional knowledge and valuable experience to complete this graduation thesis. At the same time, i would like to thank the school leadership for creating conditions for all students in general and me in particular to have opportunities to exchange and learn from firms and competitions for us to supplement more knowledge and practical experience.
In particular, i would like to send my sincere thanks to Duong Thi Thuy An, PhD for her dedicated support and for taking the time to fix my thesis so that i could learn and complete my graduation thesis in the best possible way during this time. In addition, i would like to express my deep gratitude to the Examining Council for monitoring the research and giving some editing suggestions to make the graduation thesis better. I sincerely thank you! TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .i LIST OF TABLES. ii LIST OF FIGURES.
iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. The urgency of the research topic. Research subject and research scope. Data collection method.
Approach and analysis. Contribution of research .8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Theoretical framework of Capital structure. The theory of capital structure from the traditional perspective.
Modigliani and Miller theory. Trade-off theory. Pecking order theory. Empirical literature review.
The research gap. 26 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Data processing method. Research methods and model tests.
Pooled Ordinary Least Squares method. Fixed Effects Model method. Random Effects Model method. Choosing the appropriate regression method.
Model misspecification test. Generalized Least Square .46 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS. Correlation coefficient analysis. Testing for multicollinearity.
Model estimation results. Regression results of the models. Choosing the appropriate regression method. Testing for autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity.
Regression model after model misspecification. Discuss research results. Cost of debt. Tangibility of assets .60 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Limitations and future research direction .67 LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. vii i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS MEANING Profitability PFT Firm size SIZE Tangibility of assets TAN Growth opportunities GRO Liquidity LIQ Cost of debt COD Taxation TAX Ordinary Least Squares OLS Fixed Effects Model FEM Random Effects Model REM Generalized Least Squares GLS Feasible Generalized Least Squares FGLS Modigliani and Miller M&M Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange HOSE Ha Noi Stock Exchange HNX Unlisted Public Company Market UPCOM Foreign Direct Investment FDI Federal Reserve System FED ii LIST OF TABLES Table 3. Summary of research’s formulas. Statistics describe the variables in the model.
Pearson correlation coefficient results. Testing the Variance inflation factor (VIF). Regression results using Pooled OLS, FEM, REM methods. Model testing results.
Results of Wooldridge test and Modified Wald test. Regression results of the GLS model to fix model misspecification. Summary of research results .56 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Foreign direct investment over the years.
The value of a business in a tax environment. Trade-off theory of capital structure. Regression estimation process .29 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the author introduces an overview of the research topic such as the urgency of the topic, research objectives, research objects and scope, research questions, research methods and processes, research strcture. Introduction Capital structure is an important factor in indicators evaluating firm activities and capital utilization rates of enterprises in Vietnam.
Most firms will consider using capital through two factors: debt and equity. In some cases, firms use debt to finance their capital but they are affected by other factors such as bank interest rates, inflation, or market fluctuations causing firms to stagger at that time. Therefore, building a reasonable capital structure is considered a solution to help firms overcome competition in the market in the current economic context. The capital structure prioritizes the use of debt or appropriate use of internal capital for each different period.
If a firm does not orient and choose the right strategy, it will easily fall into a crisis, leading to capital stagnation, even financial risks, and bankruptcy. Effective capital decisions not only increase operating efficiency based on a firm’s tax and debt advantages but also balance internal and external resources to bring a firm’s competitive advantage to the market. Therefore, researching the factors that affect the capital structure of firms is necessary and useful to help administrators organize and rearrange the firm capital sources of firms through selecting and implementing financing decisions to achieve a reasonable capital structure, adapt to each stage of development, and implement set firm goals. Overview of the capital structure of real estate firms listed on the stock market today, most of them have a debt-to-capital ratio higher than 1.
This shows that firms choose the strategy of borrowing to finance operating capital. However, if they maintain this ratio for a long time, they may encounter difficulties when the State Bank has issued regulations on limits and ratios to ensure safety in banking operations. Companies with a reasonable capital structure can balance between capital shortage and excess capital as well as easily control the increase and decrease of capital debt. 2 During the COVID-19 period up to now, Vietnam’s economy has been heavily influenced by micro and macro factors.
Many real estate firms are forced to restructure, restructure investments, change firm plans, and transfer projects to maintain operations. Given the nature of the real estate industry, they have to make large expenses so borrowing is inevitable. Therefore, the research presents factors affecting the capital structure of real estate enterprises in the period 2013 - 2022, evaluates the level of impact, points out inadequacies, and proposes several solutions to help firms choose an optimal capital structure. The urgency of the research topic The current real estate market reflects the difficulties and challenges that businesses in the industry are facing.
This market cycle is suffering from a double impact, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and poor preparation for the new cycle. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused enormous difficulties for real estate businesses. Before the pandemic, during the breaking market period, parties often did not consider the possibility of risks and had no backup plan. When the pandemic happened, many firms simply waited and hoped the pandemic would pass.
However, the lack of a backup plan has caused a significant number of firms to go bankrupt.