VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY -------------***-------------- GRADUATION THESIS TITLE: “EFFECTS OF CELL-FREE FILTRATE OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS H14 STRAIN ON SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII CAUSING WHITE MOLD ROOT ROT DISEASE IN THE PEANUT” Hanoi-2022 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY --------------***-------------- GRADUATION THESIS TITLE: “EFFECTS OF CELL-FREE FILTRATE OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS H14 STRAIN ON SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII CAUSING WHITE MOLD ROOT ROT DISEASE IN THE PEANUT” Student’s name : NGUYEN THI KHANH LINH Class : K63CNSHE Student’s code : 637332 Supervisor : Dr. NGO THU HUONG MSc. TRAN THI HONG HANH Major : MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY Hanoi-2022 COMMITMENT I hereby declare that this is a scientific research work carried out by me during the period from August 2022 to December 2022 under the guidance of Dr. Ngo Thu Huong and MSc.
Tran Thi Hong Hanh, Laboratory of Microbiology - Faculty of Biotechnology - Vietnam National University of Agriculture. The data and research results in this thesis are honest and have never been published by anyone in other studies. The documents cited in the thesis are listed in the references section. Hanoi, 5th December, 2022.
Sincerely, Nguyen Thi Khanh Linh i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thank the Academy's Board of Directors, lecturers, and staff who are teaching and working at the Academy. I am extremely grateful to the teachers of the Faculty of Biotechnology for teaching, guiding, and creating conditions for me to complete my study program, professional internship, and graduation thesis. More specifically, I would like to express my deep respect and gratitude to Dr. Ngo Thu Huong and MSc.
Tran Thi Hong Hanh for guiding my research and guiding me wholeheartedly during the course of this thesis. I would like to thank the professors of Microbiology Technology, Assoc. Nguyen Xuan Canh, Prof. Nguyen Van Giang, Ms.
Tran Thi Dao, and fellow researchers: Ms. Nguyen Thi Thu, Mr. Duong Van Hoan helped me during the thesis work. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and my family for their encouragement and help so that I could complete my graduation thesis.
Thank you from the bottom of my heart for everything! Hanoi, 5th Decembr , 2022. Sincerely, Nguyen Thi Khanh Linh ii CONTENTS COMMITMENT. iii LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES .vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Overview of peanuts. The history of peanuts. The situation of peanut production in the world and Vietnam. The situation of peanut production in the world.
The situation of peanut production in Vietnam. The role of peanuts. The role of peanuts in the economy. The role of peanuts in agriculture.
The role of peanuts in human life. White mold root rot disease on the peanuts by Sclerotium rolfsii. Overview of Sclerotium rolfsii. Overview of bacteria.
Overview of Bacillus subtilis. Overview of Bacillus subtilis H14. The research situation in the world and Vietnam. The research situation in the world.
The research situation in Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Research location and time. The dual culture method for testing antagonistic activity.
Methods for testing the effects of cell-free filtrate from B. subtilis H14 strain on the mycelial growth and sclerotial germination of Sclerotium rolfsii. Method of filtration through sterile filter paper. Method of filtration through sterile Cellulose filter membrane with pore size 0.
Method of filtration through sterile Syringe filter membrane with pore size 0. Mycelial growth inhibition test. Hyphal morphology inhibition test. Sclerotial formation inhibition test.
Sclerotial germination inhibition test. Sclerotial morphology inhibition test. rolfsii on peanuts in vivo condition. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Antagonistic activity of B. subtilis H14 strain on S. Antifungal ability of cell-free filtrate from B. subtilis H14 strain on the mycelial growth and sclerotial germination of Sclerotium rolfsii.
Antifungal ability of cell-free filtrate by using sterile filter paper. Antifungal ability of cell-free filtrate by using sterile Cellulose filter membrane with pore size 0. Antifungal ability of cell-free filtrate by using sterile Syringe filter membrane with pore size 0. Inhibitory ability of cell-free filtrate on mycelial growth.
Inhibitory ability of cell-free filtrate on hyphal morphology. Inhibitory ability of cell-free filtrate on sclerotial formation. Inhibitory ability of cell-free filtrate on sclerotial germination. Inhibitory ability of cell-free filtrate on sclerotial morphology.
Biocontrol ability of cell-free filtrate on S. rolfsii on peanuts in vivo condition 49 PART 5. CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSAL. 53 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.
The situation of peanut production in Vietnam in the period from 2010 to 2020. Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Bacillus subtilis. Biological properties of Bacillus subtilis H14. Studies investigating the effective mechanism of Bacillus subtilis against plant diseases.
The diameter of zone inhibition and antifungal ability of cell-free filtrate by using Cellulose membrane. Effect of cell-free filtrate on the mycelium of S. Number of sclerotia and ratio of inhibition after 20 days of culture. Radius and inhibitory ability of mycelium germinating from sclerotia.
Radius and inhibitory ability of mycelium germinating from sclerotia. Radius and inhibitory ability of mycelium germinating from sclerotia. 47 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. The situation of peanut production in the world in the period 2010 - 2020.
The situation of peanut production of the 3 largest producing countries (China, India, Nigeria) in 2020. The situation of peanut production in Vietnam in the period 2010 – 2020. The antifungal ability of S. subtilis H14 after 96 h of culture.
Effect of filtrate from 3 methods on the growth of S. Effect of cell-free filtrate on S. rolfsii mycelia after 24 h of culture. Effect of cell-free filtrate on S.
rolfsii mycelium after 48h of culture. Effect of cell-free filtrate on S. rolfsii mycelium after 72h of culture. The graph shows the effect of filtrate with different dilution concentrations on the mycelium of S.
Mycelial morphology of S. rolfsii under 100X Microscope Objective Lens. Effect of cell-free filtrate on the number of fungal sclerotia. Effect of cell-free filtrate on the number of sclerotia.
Mycelium germinated from sclerotia after 3 days. Inhibition of the germination of the mycelium of S. Effect of cell-free filtrate on the germination of sclerotia under in vivo condition. Effect of cell-free filtrate on sclerotia morphology.
Biocontrol effects of H14 cell-free filtrate with different concentrations on suppression of S. rolfsii on peanut. Biocontrol effects of H14 cell-free filtrate with different concentrations on suppression of S. rolfsii on the peanut.
50 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Full word B. subtilis Bacillus subtilis S. rolfsii Sclerotium rolfsii Spp Subspecies Sp. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa S.
Marcescens Serratia marcescens L. monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes A. hypogaea Arachis hypogaea CT Control EX Experiment viii ABSTRACT Plant pathogenic fungi are one of the causes of severe loss of yield and food quality, not only in Vietnam but also in many other countries. Currently, biological control measures are considered necessary solutions to replace the use of chemical drugs.
To create potential biomaterials that are resistant to fungal diseases on plants, the research topic: “Effects of cell-free filtrate of Bacillus subtilis H14 strain on Sclerotium rolfsii causing white mold root rot disease in the peanut. The results of the study showed that the cell-free filtrate from strain H14 was capable of antagonizing the fungus S. Previous research (Nguyen Khanh Ly, 2022) has selected Bacillus subtilis H14 strain with the strongest ability to antagonize S. Since then, this research has gone deeper and studied the effect of cell-free filtrate from H14 to see if the compounds secreted by this strain of bacteria in culture medium, are resistant to S.
This study has found the most optimal method to generate cell-free filtrate from H14 culture medium. This study was conducted with the urgent purpose of inhibiting the growth and development of the mycelia and the germination of sclerotia, preventing pathogens from infecting, spreading and scattering in the soil to cause plant diseases. From cell-free filtrate, the most potent antifungal compounds can be obtained by extraction method without competitive activity and survival of bacteria. Thereby producing powder and water-based probiotics to effectively inhibit the pathogens of S.
The results showed that the antifungal effect of cell-free filtrate was very high, which is the same as the antifungal rate of H14 with 49.56% for mycelium and 82.17% for sclerotia in the dilution 1:0. Moreover, when re-infection on peanut plants, the plants treated with the filtrate showed no signs of being damaged by the pathogen. Meanwhile, the control plants were wilting, root rotten and dying. With such successful research results, in the future, cell-free filtrate from strain H14 will definitely create a potential probiotic.
Which not only inhibits plant diseases but also promotes the growth and development of plants. INTRODUCTION Problem In our country and many countries around the world, groundnut is a legume that is widely grown in more than 100 countries with an area of over 25 million hectares. In Vietnam, peanuts are grown mainly in the Northern Delta, the Central Coast, the Central Highlands, and the South. Currently, the area of peanut cultivation in Vietnam is about 250,000 ha (FAO, 2014).
In addition to economic purposes, the peanut is also a very good soil-improving crop, because the root nodule bacteria in symbiosis with peanuts can fix nitrogen from the N2 source in the air, increasing the nitrogen content and fertility in the soil. Peanut is suitable for mixed sandy soil, light loam soil, and other soils with a light texture and good drainage. It is also a green manure plant so we can directly use the whole root, stem, and leaves of peanuts as a soil fertilizer. In addition, peanuts also have many applications in life such as vegetable oil production, and food,.
In recent years, Vietnam's peanut production has continuously increased. However, compared with the yield potential of this variety, the yield per unit is still low and there is a big difference between regions in the country. The reason for the low yield of peanuts in the area is due to soil conditions, farming techniques, and the destruction of pests. Among them, there is a group of root wilt diseases, which have been causing heavy losses to farmers.
Symptoms of groundnut plants wilting and dying in the field are common symptoms of peanuts infected with many pathogens in the soil that damage roots and stems. Among the pathogens causing wilt, the common pathogens such as the S. rolfsii causing white mold stem rot; Fusarium spp. causing yellow wilt disease;.
Among the causes of peanut wilt disease, S. rolfsii is a common fungus and can cause 10-25% yield loss, up to 80% yield in particular. In the United States, annual losses of S. rolfsii 1 account for 5-10% of yield.
In some peanut-growing areas in Central Vietnam, infection rates can be as high as 25% according to (Le et al. rolfsii commonly spreads by spores and in the form of sclerotia that can infect stems, leaves, flowers, and eventually spread to adjacent plants and lead to devastating economic losses. It produces a long-lived melanized resting structure named as sclerotia, which can reside in the soil for several years and germinate to form infectious hyphae or apothecia that release millions of airborne ascospores under appropriate environmental conditions (Smoliñska and Kowalska, 2018). Carpogenic sclerotia produce apothecia that release mature ascospores to infect plants.
Therefore, there is a quantitative correlation between the number of apothecia and the disease incidence of soybean plants (Boland & Hall, 1988). Due to the unique life cycle pattern, it is difficult to control the disease caused by S. To limit diseases, several measures have been studied and applied such as cultivation methods, disease-resistant varieties, and chemical and biological measures. However, the long-term abuse of chemical drugs can greatly affect the ecosystem and human health.