com Electric Circuits Seventh Edition Mahmood Nahvi, PhD Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering California Polytechnic State University Joseph A. Edminister Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering The University of Akron Schaum’s Outline Series New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto www.indd 1 14/08/17 10:14 AM Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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The new edition expands the information on the frequency response, polar and Bode diagrams, and first- and second-order filters and their implementation by active circuits. Sections on lead and lag networks and filter analysis and design, including approximation method by Butterworth filters, have been added, as have several end-of-chapter problems. The original goal of the book and the basic approach of the previous editions have been retained. This book is designed for use as a textbook for a first course in circuit analysis or as a supplement to standard texts and can be used by electrical engineering students as well as other engineering and technology stu- dents.
Emphasis is placed on the basic laws, theorems, and problem-solving techniques that are common to most courses. The subject matter is divided into 17 chapters covering duly recognized areas of theory and study. The chapters begin with statements of pertinent definitions, principles, and theorems together with illustra- tive examples. This is followed by sets of supplementary problems.
The problems cover multiple levels of difficulty. Some problems focus on fine points and help the student to better apply the basic principles correctly and confidently. The supplementary problems are generally more numerous and give the reader an opportunity to practice problem-solving skills. Answers are provided with each supplementary problem.
The book begins with fundamental definitions, circuit elements including dependent sources, circuit laws and theorems, and analysis techniques such as node voltage and mesh current methods. These theo- rems and methods are initially applied to DC-resistive circuits and then extended to RLC circuits by the use of impedance and complex frequency. The op amp examples and problems in Chapter 5 have been selected carefully to illustrate simple but practical cases that are of interest and importance to future courses. The subject of waveforms and signals is treated in a separate chapter to increase the student’s awareness of commonly used signal models.
Circuit behavior such as the steady state and transient responses to steps, pulses, impulses, and expo- nential inputs is discussed for first-order circuits in Chapter 7 and then extended to circuits of higher order in Chapter 8, where the concept of complex frequency is introduced. Phasor analysis, sinusoidal steady state, power, power factor, and polyphase circuits are thoroughly covered. Network functions, frequency response, filters, series and parallel resonance, two-port networks, mutual inductance, and transformers are covered in detail. Application of Spice and PSpice in circuit analysis is introduced in Chapter 15.
Circuit equations are solved using classical differential equations and the Laplace transform, which permits a con- venient comparison. Fourier series and Fourier transforms and their use in circuit analysis are covered in Chapter 17. Finally, two appendixes provide a useful summary of complex number systems and matrices and determinants. This book is dedicated to our students and students of our students, from whom we have learned to teach well.
To a large degree, it is they who have made possible our satisfying and rewarding teaching careers. We also wish to thank our wives, Zahra Nahvi and Nina Edminister, for their continuing support. The con- tribution of Reza Nahvi in preparing the current edition as well as previous editions is also acknowledged. Mahmood Nahvi Joseph A.
Edminister iii www.indd 3 14/08/17 10:14 AM About the Authors MAHMOOD NAHVI is professor emeritus of Electrical Engineering at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, California. He earned his B., all in electrical engineering, and has 50 years of teaching and research in this field. Nahvi’s areas of special interest and expertise include network theory, control theory, communications engineering, signal processing, neural networks, adaptive control and learning in synthetic and living systems, communication and control in the central nervous system, and engineering education. In the area of engineering education, he has developed computer modules for electric circuits, signals, and systems which improve teaching and learning of the fundamentals of electrical engineering.
In addition, he is coauthor of Electromagnetics in Schaum’s Outline Series, and the author of Signals and Systems published by McGraw-Hill. EDMINISTER is professor emeritus of Electrical Engineering at the University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, where he also served as assistant dean and acting dean of Engineering. He was a member of the faculty from 1957 until his retirement in 1983. In 1984 he served on the staff of Congressman Dennis Eckart (D-11-OH) on an IEEE Congressional Fellowship.
He then joined Cornell University as a patent attorney and later as Director of Corporate Relations for the College of Engineering until his retirement in 1995. He received his B. in 1957 and his M. in 1960 from the University of Akron.
In 1974 he received his J., also from Akron. Professor Edminister is a registered Professional Engineer in Ohio, a member of the bar in Ohio, and a registered patent attorney.indd 4 14/08/17 10:14 AM Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Electrical Quantities and SI Units 1.2 Force, Work, and Power 1.3 Electric Charge and Current 1.5 Energy and Electrical Power 1.6 Constant and Variable Functions CHAPTER 2 Circuit Concepts 7 2.1 Passive and Active Elements 2.3 Voltage-Current Relations 2.8 Nonlinear Resistors CHAPTER 3 Circuit Laws 24 3.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 3.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 3.4 Circuit Elements in Series 3.5 Circuit Elements in Parallel 3.7 Current Division CHAPTER 4 Analysis Methods 37 4.1 The Branch Current Method 4.2 The Mesh Current Method 4.3 Matrices and Determinants 4.4 The Node Voltage Method 4.11 Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 4.12 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 4.13 Two-Terminal Resistive Circuits and Devices 4.14 Interconnecting Two-Terminal Resistive Circuits 4.15 Small-Signal Model of Nonlinear Resistive Devices CHAPTER 5 Amplifiers and Operational Amplifier Circuits 72 5.2 Feedback in Amplifier Circuits 5.4 Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Op Amps 5.9 Differential and Difference Amplifiers 5.10 Circuits Containing Several Op Amps 5.11 Integrator and Differentiator Circuits 5.13 Low-Pass Filter 5.15 Real Op Amps 5.16 A Simple Op Amp Model 5.18 Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter 5.19 Summary of Feedback in Op Amp Circuits v www.indd 5 14/08/17 10:14 AM vi Contents CHAPTER 6 Waveforms and Signals 117 6.4 Time Shift and Phase Shift 6.5 Combinations of Periodic Functions 6.6 The Average and Effective (RMS) Values 6.8 The Unit Step Function 6.9 The Unit Impulse Function 6.10 The Exponential Function 6.12 Random Signals CHAPTER 7 First-Order Circuits 143 7.2 Capacitor Discharge in a Resistor 7.3 Establishing a DC Voltage Across a Capacitor 7.4 The Source-Free RL Circuit 7.5 Establishing a DC Current in an Inductor 7.6 The Exponential Function Revisited 7.7 Complex First-Order RL and RC Circuits 7.8 DC Steady State in Inductors and Capacitors 7.9 Transitions at Switching Time 7.10 Response of First-Order Circuits to a Pulse 7.11 Impulse Response of RC and RL Circuits 7.12 Summary of Step and Impulse Responses in RC and RL Circuits 7.13 Response of RC and RL Circuits to Sudden Exponential Excitations 7.14 Response of RC and RL Circuits to Sudden Sinusoidal Excitations 7.15 Summary of Forced Response in First-Order Circuits 7.16 First-Order Active Circuits CHAPTER 8 Higher-Order Circuits and Complex Frequency 179 8.2 Series RLC Circuit 8.3 Parallel RLC Circuit 8.4 Two-Mesh Circuit 8.6 Generalized Impedance (R, L, C) in s-Domain 8.7 Network Function and Pole-Zero Plots 8.8 The Forced Response 8.9 The Natural Response 8.10 Magnitude and Frequency Scaling 8.11 Higher-Order Active Circuits CHAPTER 9 Sinusoidal Steady-State Circuit Analysis 209 9.4 Impedance and Admittance 9.5 Voltage and Current Division in the Frequency Domain 9.6 The Mesh Current Method 9.7 The Node Voltage Method 9.8 Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 9.9 Superposition of AC Sources CHAPTER 10 AC Power 237 10.1 Power in the Time Domain 10.2 Power in Sinusoidal Steady State 10.3 Average or Real Power 10.5 Summary of AC Power in R, L, and C 10.6 Exchange of Energy between an Inductor and a Capacitor 10.7 Complex Power, Apparent Power, and Power Triangle 10.8 Parallel-Connected Networks 10.9 Power Factor Improvement 10.10 Maximum Power Transfer 10.11 Superposition of Average Powers CHAPTER 11 Polyphase Circuits 266 11.2 Two-Phase Systems 11.3 Three-Phase Systems 11.4 Wye and Delta Systems 11.6 Balanced Delta-Connected Load 11.