VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ---------- ---------- GRADUATION THESIS TOPIC: PILOT PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS RICH IN ΒETA-GLUCAN FROM BREWER’S YEAST USING PROTEASE Performer : LÊ KHÁNH PHÁP Class : CNSHE Courses : 62 Faculty : Biotechnology Specialized : Molecular Biology Instructor : MSc. NGUYỄN QUỐC TRUNG PhD. LÊ ĐỨC THẢO Department : Molecular Biology & Applied Biotechnology Hanoi – 2022 COMMITMENT I hereby declare that this is my own research work. The data and results presented in the thesis are completely honest and have never been published by anyone in any research work.
I take responsibility for the data in this thesis and the information cited in the thesis have been identified. Hanoi, March 21, 2022 Thesis author Lê Khánh Pháp i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete this thesis, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the teachers and teachers of the Faculty of Biotechnology - Vietnam National University of Agriculture, who have supported and facilitated me throughout the process. Study and research. I would like to thank the Department of Refrigeration Engineering & Air Conditioning, School of TFXtile – Leather and Fashion, Hanoi University of Science and Technology for creating favorable conditions for me to successfully complete my graduation thesis.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Msc. Nguyen Quoc Trung and PhD. Le Đuc Thao, who have enthusiastically guided and helped me in the process of researching and completing the thesis. At the same time, I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Msc.
Trinh Thi Thu Thuy and Ms. Phung Thi Duyen, Faculty of Biotechnology - Vietnam National University of Agriculture have supported and helped me in the process of making this thesis. I would like to thank my relatives, family, friends and colleagues who have encouraged and encouraged me throughout the process of studying, researching and completing the thesis. Hanoi, March 21, 2022 Thesis author Lê Khánh Pháp ii TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMITMENT.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF TABLES. v LIST OF FIGURES. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Objective and the meaning of the topic. OVERVIEW OF Β-GLUCAN. Definition, chemical structure of β-glucan. Applications of β-glucan.
Sources of β-glucan. OVERVIEW OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. Morphological properties of yeast. Structure of yeast cells.
Definition of protease enzyme. Classification of protease. Applications of protease. METHODS TO DISRUPT THE YEAST CELL WALL AND OBTAIN B-GLUCAN.
Mechanical method to disrupt the yeast cell wall. Sonical method to disrupt the yeast cell wall. Autolysis method to disrupt the yeast cell wall. Using chemical method to obtain β-glucan from yeast cell wall.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Extraction of β-glucan from yeast residues (Nguyen Quoc Trung, 2021). Optimization of the pilot-scale cell wall digestion process (Illustration diagram). Nutritional analysis method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. RESULTS OF OPTIMIZATION OF WASHING SAMPLE STEP. Results of washing 1 liter of sample. Results of washing 100 liters of sample.
RESULTS OF OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYME INCUBATION. RESULTS OF OPTIMIZATION OF DRYING METHODS. Drying results by method “Convection drying”. Drying results by “ Freeze drying” method.
Drying results by “Heat drying” method. ANALYSIS OF NUTRIENT PROPERTIES OF PRODUCTS. The content of β-glucan in the product. Other nutrient properties of products.
55 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: A summary of representative β-glucan present in food products. Components of the Megazyme-ireland kit. Nutrient properties of products. 45 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.
Molecular structure and the branched level of β-glucan from several sources .2: Sources and mechanisms of β-glucans dependent on structure. In the panel (a) cereal β-glucans; in the panel (b) fungal β-glucans. Mushroom Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Structure of yeast cells.
Classification of protease. Structure of yeast cell wall. Classification of unit operations for microbial cell disruption. Extraction process of β-glucan from yeast residues ).
Optimization of the extraction process of β-glucan from yeast residues. Freeze drying method. Heat drying method. Convection drying method in Experiment carried out in room 109, Dept.
of Refrigeration Engineering & Air Conditioning, School of TFXtile – Leather and Fashion, Hanoi University of Science and Technology. β-Glucan Assay Kit. Yeast juice collected from the brewery. Yeast fluid after washing the 1st and 2nd times.
Yeast biomass after washing. 100 liters of brewer's yeast. The process of washing 100 liters of yeast residue. Image of yeast obtained after washing.
Enzyme Protease Solution. Incubate 1 liter of yeast solution. Incubate 100 liters of yeast solution. Yeast cells autolysis in protease enzymes.
Drying results by convection drying method. Drying results by Freeze drying method. Heat dryer and product after initial drying. Products after drying and grinding .5 kg of products rich in β-glucan.
GEBIO's Beta Glucan Product. 48 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DNA : Deoxyribonucleic acid E.coli : Escherichia coli P. dendritiformis : Paenibacillus dendritiformis RNA : Ribonucleic acid S. Cerevisiae : Saccharomyces Cerevisiae β-glucan : beta-glucan viii Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1.
INTRODUCTION Currently, beer production technology and beer consumption market in Vietnam as well as other countries in the world are developing, leading to a large amount of yeast waste that has been discharged into the environment. On average, the amount of yeast residue discharged from beer production accounts for 1-2% of the volume of finished beer, equivalent to 40,000-80,000 tons/year. This amount of yeast residue is mainly used to make animal food or is used as a cheap source of raw materials for the process of making autolytic yeast extract, the rest is discharged directly into the environment causing environmental pollution. And the main component of brewer's yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae - yeast.
In yeast, the cell wall accounts for about 20% of the dry weight, of which β-glucan accounts for about 50-60% of the dry matter. The production of products with high economic value such as β-glucan can bring profits to factories while minimizing the environmental impact of these industrial plants. According to study of Nguyen Quoc Trung, 2021. The method has determined that a method of extracting β-glucan from yeast residues achieved 99% efficiency, breaking the cell wall, thereby obtaining products with β-glucan content reaching 28.
However, the method uses a small amount of raw materials, with limitations in terms of output, cost, etc., to be used in animal husbandry. Therefore, I proceed with the topic Pilot Production of Products Rich In Βeta-Glucan from Yeast Residues Using Protease Enzymes. In order to increase 1 the production of β-glucan-rich inoculants, save production costs and optimize the process for application in pilot scale. OBJECTIVE AND THE MEANING OF THE TOPIC Objective Optimization of cell wall disruption method in pilot scale using protease and nutritions measurements of product rich in beta glucan Requirements Optimization of washing sample with step with 100 liters brewer’s yeast Optimization of enzyme incubation with 100 liters brewer’s yeast by using Strotease SP 100 Optimization of drying methods by comparison of freeze-drying method, convection drying method and heat drying method Analysis of nutrient properties of products: Protein; Carbohydrate; Fiber; Lipid; Vitamin B1; Vitamin B2; Vitamin B3; Vitamin D3; Canxi; Phosphorus and β-Glucan.
2 Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW 2. OVERVIEW OF Β-GLUCAN 2. Definition, chemical structure of β-glucan β-glucan is a component of the cell walls in some pathogenic bacteria such as Pneumocystis carinii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, etc. β-glucan is a non-starch polysaccharide consisting of D-glucose units that are polymerized mainly via the glycosidic bonds.
β-glucans can be built from up to 250,000 glucose residues, and branching may occur in the chain. This glucose molecule can link to another glucose molecule at different positions in the six- carbon ring structure. The indicators 1, 3, 6 represent for the position of the carbon atom with the appropriate glycoside bond and are numbered starting from the position of the oxygen group in the next carbon ring. A β-glycoside bond can form at the C1 prime of one carbon ring with the C3 of the next carbon ring (poly (1→3)-β-D-glucan) or at the C1 to C4 prime (poly (1→ 4)-β-D- glucan) or at the C1 site with C6 (poly (1→6)-β-D-glucan).
The β-D-glucan chains can link together to form large cylindrical structures containing up to 250,000 β-D-glucose units (Vannucci et al. The most common forms of β-glucan are those consisting of D-glucose units with β-1,3 linkages. The β-glucans of yeasts and fungi contain 1-6 side branches, while the cereal β-glucans contain both β-1. The frequency, location and length of side chains may play a role in immune regulation.
Differences in molecular weight, shape and structure of β- glucans lead to differences in biological activity (Volman et al. Molecular structure and the branched level of β-glucan from several sources The chemical structure of the β-glucan chain can vary depending on the source of the isolate, which determines the physical properties such as weight, viscosity, solubility and biological activity (Sasaki & Takasuka, 1976; Zimmerman et al. A distinguishing characteristic of all β-glucans that is necessary for biological activity is its 1,3 backbones. Applications of β-glucan 2.
Application of β-glucan in medicine β-glucans can also be classified by their source, into cereal and non-cereal β- glucans (Figure 2. Cereal β-glucans, which are β-1,3 and β-1,4 linked, mainly display metabolic activities, such as the ability to lower cholesterol and blood glucose and have been explored in clinical studies to target metabolic conditions. These 1,3 and 1,4 linked glucans appear to be recognized as dietary fibres after ingestion and elicit their metabolic effects via this mechanism.2: Sources and mechanisms of β-glucans dependent on structure. In the panel (a) cereal β-glucans; in the panel (b) fungal β-glucans (Murphy et al.
At the University of Lausanne (Switzerland), β-glucan was given to used by a healthy man. Administration of soluble fiber (guar gum, β-glucan) along with a mixed meal to reduce glucose and insulin levels (postprandial) “Monitoring of decreased glucose levels after ingestion of a meal has containing β-glucan is necessary due to the slow absorption and reduction of carbohydrates in the intestine rather than as a result of the effects of fermentation products in the colon” (Roger, 2011). In addition, using of β-glucan is also a particular concern for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. It is due to the potential to 5 accelerate blood recovery when irradiated at lethal doses and below lethal levels, which stimulated bone marrow recovery after chemotherapy and prevented infection during treatment (Kim et al.
Application of β-glucan in food β-glucan isolated from brewer’s yeast cells can be used in a number of food products such as salads, soups, yogurts, some other dairy products, breads, and doughnuts and incorporated into the biscuits. The ability of β-glucan to form a paste is also used in some sausage products and some other meat products (Zechner-Krpan et al. The addition of β-glucan to bakery products significantly affects their technological characteristics, as stated by Kurek et al. (2017a) or Jalil et al.
The main effect of β-glucan addition to bread is reduced loaf volume and an increase in bread firmness (Finocchiaro et al. The water consumption of dough increases proportionally to the partial substitution for wheat flour. It influences the rheological properties of raw dough. Changes in dough viscosity in which β-glucan is present result from its ability to form a gel.
With the increase of its molecular weight and concentration, the viscosity of the solution increases, as well as the reduction of shear rate and viscoelastic properties (Lazaridou and Biliaderis, 2006). During the storage of the bread, β- glucan content in the product does not decrease, but its molecular mass decreases dramatically, which is essential for its bioactivity (Rieder et al., 2018, 2012; Thondre et al. In 2002, scientists used hamsters (with human-like lipoprotein structure) to test the benefits of β-glucan when used as a food additive. Rats fed with high cholesterol food (0.