MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIET NAM BANKING UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYỄN LÊ PHƢƠNG TRÂM DEVELOPING PROPERTY TAX IN VIET NAM: AN APPROACH FROM PESTLIED MODEL GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE & BANKING CODE: 7340201 Ho Chi Minh City, 2021. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIET NAM BANKING UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYỄN LÊ PHƢƠNG TRÂM DEVELOPING PROPERTY TAX IN VIET NAM: AN APPROACH FROM PESTLIED MODEL GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE & BANKING CODE: 7340201 SUPERVISOR TRẦN NGUYỄN MINH HẢI, PhD. Ho Chi Minh City, 2021. i ABSTRACT The bachelor thesis is conducted with topic: ―Developing property tax in Viet Nam: An approach from PESTLIED model‖.
Property tax can be deemed as one of the most popular options for raising revenue for financing public services. This tax has existed in many countries throughout the world and play an integral part in rebuilding community and infrastructure along with the priorities detrimentally affected to the economy. In Viet Nam, ―property tax‖ – a fresh concept of original tax that levied on non-agricultural land. The concept of property tax is still abstract and has not been concretized in legal documents, except for the tax stipulating on land property.
In 2018, the Ministry of Finance had submitted a draft of Law on Property Tax to the National Assembly. The study focuses on the systematization of the general theories relating to the developing of property tax, criteria for evaluation as well as conditions for the developing of this tax in Viet Nam through PESTLIED model, including Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, International, Environmental, Demographic factors, to address the situation and prospects of developing property tax in the context of related macro factors. The thesis presents an overview of property tax development in Viet Nam through (1) presentation of the operating mechanism of property tax; (2) analyzing the current situation of property tax developing in Viet Nam according to the aspects of factors in the PESTLIED model; (3) reviewing and proposing recommendations for developing property tax in Viet Nam. In conclusions, the author proposes eight recommendations to the government and the Ministry of Finance about each macro aspect to develop property tax in Viet Nam as follows: (1) Considering property tax exemption policies (2) Controlling the market price of real estates and personal income of taxpayers (3) Accelerating the developing of property tax to reduce immovable speculation in Viet Nam (4) Applying technology in property tax management system (5) Continuing to improve legal framework of property tax (6) Joining the global trend of developing property tax (7) Evaluating impact of natural problems (8) Considering effect of urbanization.
COMMITMENT I assure that the thesis with the subject ―Developing property tax in Viet Nam: An approach from PESTLIED method‖ is my own research work conducted by author and under the direct guidance by Supervisor Trần Nguyễn Minh Hải, PhD., a lecturer of Faculty of Finance, Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City. The data in the thesis are used honestly. Research result in this thesis have not been published in any other works. If there are any unfaith, all is my responsibility.
Ho Chi Minh City, …………………………………. Author Nguyễn Lê Phƣơng Trâm ACKNOWLEDGEMENT After four years studying at Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City, I gained a lot of knowledge and experience from talented, devoted and enthusiastic lecturers, who always support for students and education development. I would like to express my gratitude to all the lecturers at Banking University. Especially, my sincere thanks to Trần Nguyễn Minh Hải, PhD., Lecturer of Faculty of Finance, Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City for the support and guidance of my thesis.
Due to time constraints and practical experience, it is inevitable that certain mistakes will be avoided. I look forward to receiving your comments and suggestions to improve my topic. Best regards! LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Table Name Page 2.1 The advantages and disadvantages of property tax 9 2.2 The summary of some previous studies 18 3.1 Macro factors and selected aspects affecting the developing of 30 property tax 4.1 Taxation reform in Viet Nam from 1990 to 2020 35 4.2 20 countries with the highest home price index in 2020 40 4.3 20 cities with the highest home price index in 2020 40 4.4 Applying IT in tax system management 44 4.5 Property tax rates on a Draft of property tax in Viet Nam 45 4.6 Three methods of determining the basis for property tax 48 4.7 Three trends of property tax rate 49 Figure Name Page 1.1 Design of research process 6 2.1 Source of tax revenue in the United Kingdom and the OECD 10 4.1 Viet Nam Foreign Direct Investment from 2000 to 2020 39 4.2 Viet Nam GDP growth (annual %) from 2008 to 2019 42 4.3 Comparison between the two commonly used property 46 assessment methods 4.4 Viet Nam Govenment Expenditure for natural disasters from 50 2007 to 2019 4.5 Viet Nam Urbanization from 2009 - to 2019 51 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Profit GNI Gross national income GSO General Statistic Office HSE Homestead Exemption IMF International Monetary Fund IT International Technology OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development SOH Save our homes SR Sales ratio TMV Time market value TR Tax rate WB World Bank WTO World Trade Organizations TABLE OF ABSTRACT.iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Research subject and scope.
The approach methods. Data collection methods. Data processing methods. 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURES REVIEWS.
Property tax and the role of property tax.3 The important role of property tax. Developing property tax. The need of developing property tax. Conditions affecting the developing of property tax.
Related studies in the world and in Viet Nam. The approach methods. Data collection methods. Data processing methods.1 The reason of choosing qualitative methods.
An approach of PESTLIED model.30 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS. Viet Nam taxation. The reforming of Viet Nam taxation. Property tax and tax regarding properties in Viet Nam.
Macro conditions to develop property tax according to PESTILED model. Politic factors: The government policies to develop property tax. Economic factors: The effect of real estate price increase and GDP per capital growth. Sociological factors: The effect of speculation trend.
Technological factors: The property tax management.5 Legal factors: On processing legal framework. International factors: The trend of property tax in the world. Environmental factors: The effect of natural problems. Demographic factors: The increase of urbanization.52 TABLE OF CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.
Orientation of developing property tax in Viet Nam. Politic factors: Considering property tax exemption polices. Economic factors: Paying an attention to the market price of real estates and personal income of taxpayers. Sociological factors: Accelerating the developing of property tax to reduce immovable speculation in Viet Nam.
Technological factors: Applying technology in property tax management. Legal factors: Continuing to improve legal framework of property tax. International factors: Joining the global trend of developing property tax. Environmental factors: Evaluating the impact of natural problems.
Demographic factors: Considering the effect of urbanization. Motivation For a long time, tax plays a key role in financial system of many countries. Firstly, the government uses tax to raise revenues for its operations, infrastructure, welfare, and education defense. Secondly, the government also uses tax as social engineering to discourage people from antisocial behaviors and the purpose of this is often done heavily taxing the commodity there by increasing its price (Carnell, 2010).
According to taxation, there are three basis tax types, including income tax, consumption tax, and property tax. Specifically, income tax is imposed on what you earn, consumption tax is levied on what you buy, and the property tax is charged on what you own. Among these kinds, property tax is considered to be the subject of political debate. Since 1997s, the role of property in economic improvements was emphasized in the Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith, 1997).
Thence, many aspects regarding property are more gradually considerable. And the tax levied on property is absolutely not an exception. Property tax, sometimes called an ad valorem tax, is a tax on real estate and some other types of property (Orem, 2020). Property taxes are widely regarded as an efficient and equitable means of raising revenue (Norregaard, 2013).
There are 174 of 193 countries applying property tax, real estate tax, house tax, and land tax (WB, 2018). Property tax that levied on limited properties, is aimed at regulating income, limiting speculative behaviors when many people with their potential, collecting assets to occupy, typically housing and land. That makes house and land prices higher and higher. Therefore, the poor are more difficult to have the opportunity to own houses.
In terms of property tax, the citizens, even though currently living in their own country, have to pay property tax on their own properties locating in other foreign countries. In France, since 1st January 2018, citizens may be required to pay taxes on properties that are real estate assets which they own worldwide worth more than 1. And, this tax in many localities is also the main revenue for the budget spending on schools, hospitals, parks, streetlights, etc. 2 In the world, there are many empirical studies and reports on the developing property tax (Roy & Sally, 2008; Roy & Jorge, 2008; Jorge & Mark, 2008; Slack, 2010; Norregaard, 2013; Kelly, 2013; Harriet, William, & Mary, 2014; Felis, 2014; Roel & Mark, 2018; Anne & Alejandro, 2020).
Although using many different research approaches, the authors as mentioned above pointed out their own conclusions about the role of developing property tax. For instance, the property tax is one of the most important sources of revenues for local governments in countries around the world (Slack, The Property Tax. in Theory and Practice, 2010). Property taxation is not only full of potential but also full of uncertain as an instrument for bringing revenues and accountability to sub-national governments in developing and transitional countries around the world (Roy & Jorge, 2008).
In Viet Nam as a developing country, the developing of property tax is not only an important factor in the speculative limitation but also a mean for the strategy for fiscal decentralization. Property tax has been in existence in Viet Nam for a long time, as non- agricultural land use tax, but this tax merely contributes 0.06% of GDP per year, much lower than other countries in the world. In 2018, the tax revenue on property leviable (non- agricultural land and agricultural land) only accounts for 0.036% of GDP and is only regulated for land. The low proportion indicates that the revenue growth capacity has not been fully exploited.
Viet Nam has lost a large amount of revenue from the tax regulated on housing and this is a reason why Viet Nam’s current asset-related tax collection is lower than other countries’ one. However, the concept of property tax is still abstract and has not been concretized in legal documents, except for the tax stipulating on land property. In 2018, the Ministry of Finance had submitted a draft of Law on Property Tax to the National Assembly, proposing a plan to apply a common property tax rate (including land and houses) at 0.4%, however, there is no further official announcement until now. Moreover, Viet Nam still lacks studies on the property tax except that some reports, seminars which were organized to discuss about this kind of tax.
For these above reasons, within the framework of the thesis entitled ―DEVELOPING PROPERTY TAX IN VIET NAM: AN APPROACH FROM PESTLIED MODEL‖ the study focuses on the systematization of the general theories relating to the developing of property tax, criteria for evaluation as well as conditions for the developing of 3 this tax in Viet Nam through PESTLIED model, including Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, International, Environmental, Demographic factors, to address the situation and prospects of developing property tax in the context of related macro factors.