THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGUYEN HONG KIEN TOPIC TITLE: DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF TRACE STRONIUM BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2010-2015 Supervisor : Assoc. Do Thi Lan Prof. Wu, Chien Hou Thai Nguyen, 15/01/2015 n THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING CENTER DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF TRACE STRONIUM BACHELOR THESIS Student name : Nguyen Hong Kien Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Batch : 2010-2015 Supervisor : Assoc. Do Thi Lan Prof.
Wu, Chien Hou Thai Nguyen - 2015 n DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environment Science and Management Student name Nguyen Hong Kien Student ID DTN1053180064 Development of an extraction technique of determination Thesis title of trace strontium Professor Wu, Chien-Hou and Assoc. Professor Do Thi Supervisors Lan Abstract: Strontium with its availability in environment and harmfulness to human health has pulled a lot of attention as well as the studies from researchers all around the world. Even though there are a lot of extraction methods for substance traces in general and for strontium in particular, they still show their own drawbacks and strengths. Therefore, it is very essential to develop more techniques for extraction with the improvements from the previous methods.
SPE and VALLME methods are two of new extraction methods which are under progress of development, which requires a lot of work in scientific field study. This study delivers an overview picture for strontium toxicity which is currently got the low awareness from people. Along with strontium toxicity, two extraction methods which are solid phase extraction (SPE) and vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method (VALLME) are presented with methodology, results and discussion. The SPE-VALLME combined technique in order to maximize the efficiency from SPE and VALLME had also been experimented.
This study has contributed knowledge and confirmation to SPE and VALLME about its potential capacity in extraction and its reliability and accuracy for extraction method study, especially for strontium extraction in water sample or environmental sample. i n Strontium toxicity, extraction method, SPE, VALLME, Keywords chromatography Number of pages 44 pages Date of submission Jan 15th 2015 ii n ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to express sincere thanks to the school board Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of International Training and Development; Advanced Education program, thanks to the teachers who has imparted to me the knowledge and valuable experience during the process of learning and researching here. This study was also supported and instructed by professor Do Thi Lan (Dean of Faculty of Environment, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam) and professor Wu, Chien-Hou (Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan). I would like to give a special appreciation to Mr Wang Chin-Yi for helping me in time of doing this study.
I sincerely thank you! Taiwan, 2014 Student signature NGUYEN HONG KIEN iii n TABLE OF CONTENT PART 1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES. Strontium related definitions. Strontium when entering the environment.
Strontium impact on health. Research’s ion chromatography. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) method. Vorted-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Mircoextraction (VALLME).
RESEARCH RELATED DOCUMENTS. Solid Phase Extraction. Vortex-Assisted Liquid-liquid Microextraction. SPE-VALLME combined method.
SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE). VORTEX-ASSISTED LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRATION (VALLME). SPE-VALLME COMBINED METHOD. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.
Solid phase extraction (SPE). Vortex-Assisted Liquid-liquid Microextration (VALLME). SPE-VALLME combined method .44 iv n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.2 Crown ether of Sr resin .2 Illustration of study experiment (SPE + VALLME).1: Elution curves of strontium with repeated condition (1ppm sr in 3m nitrate acid, 2ml of sample, 2ml of elution.2 Recoveries of SPE processes with repetition (2 ml of 1ppm sr sample in 3m nitric acid, 6 ml of elution) .3 The improvement in signals from standard solution, solution with SPE applied and solution of SPE-VALLME combined method (100 ml of 20ppb strontium sample) .1 Illustration of VALLME experiment data for reliability (experiment with 10ppb, 25ppb, 50ppb, 100ppb, 300ppb, 500ppb, 1ppm, 1.2 The connection of SPE-VALLME combined method experiments’ results and reliability of the result (concentrations: 1ppb, 10ppb, 20ppb and 40ppb). 39 1 n LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Data for SPE experiment with peak area, peak height, recovery (experiment with: 2 ml of 1ppm Sr sample in 3M nitric acid, 6 ml of elution) .2 Data for VALLME experiment with concentration and peak area (experiment with 10ppb, 25ppb, 50ppb, 100ppb, 300ppb, 500ppb, 1ppm, 1.3 Peak areas of standard and SPE-VALLME applied solutions with concentration of 1ppb, 10ppb, 20ppb, 40ppb.
34 2 n LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DIW : Deioned water; SPE : Solid phase extraction; VALLME : Vortex-Assisted Liquid-liquid Microextraction. Research rationale Strontium extraction is rising as a hot topic in scientific study field. Strontium has two types: the neutral and the radioactive. Both of them have significant impacts to human health.
While the toxicity of strontium is still mysterious to human understanding due to its long-term impact for number of reasons, extraction method for strontium is very essential. Currently, there are many extraction methods for strontium available, however each of them has its own strengths and weakness while the development of extraction method is never enough for scientific study, SPE and VALME could be a suggestion contributing to lists of extraction methods for not only strontium but for other substances (Chang W. et al, 2012; Jakopic R and Benedik L, 2005). In addition, even Vietnamese people are not familiar with the strontium especially strontium toxicity due to low level of strontium in its natural condition, Vietnamese government is planning to build couple of nuclear power plants which would accidently release some radioactive fallouts- one of them could be strontium ninety.
With study of SPE and VALLME for strontium extraction, it could help to extract strontium ninety from environmental sample while with modification, SPE and VALLME are able to work not only with strontium but other substances or compounds. Research’s objectives - To study on the extraction methods for strontium which mostly focus on SPE, VALLME and the combination of those two methods 4 n 1. Research questions and hypotheses - What are the possible enrichment factor, recovery and reliability of SPE method? - What are the possible enrichment factor, recovery and reliability of VALLME method? - What are the possible enrichment factor, recovery and reliability of SPE- VALLME combined method? - What are the limitations of extraction method of SPE-VALLME combined? 1. Scientific significance With strontium toxicity and development of extraction techniques which focus on SPE and VALLME, this study has succeeded some other studies’ knowledge with further technical work and more specific substance trace.
With its contribution, this study also suggested a new way of study as well as the practical extraction method- the combination of two extraction methods with their own modification as crown ether applied in VALLME. Practical significance In context of globalization, environmental issues will become the hot topic not only in single region but also in the world. As the increase of human awareness to substance toxicity, the extraction methods for specific trace are highly required. More choices and more applications for extraction methods will be studied and applied by researchers all around the world.
By the strength of SPE and VALLME and its flexibility in modification, SPE and VALLME are promised to be a fast, simple 5 n extraction method with high accuracy especially in context of Vietnam’s building nuclear power plants and establishment of ASEAN community which possibly leads to a lot of environment issues not only for Vietnamese but also for ASEAN researchers. Strontium related definitions Strontium is a chemical element with atomic number of 38 and symbol Sr. It is an earth alkaline metal and has highly reactive chemical ability in group IIA. Strontium in pure form has soft silver-white color and turn to yellow just in condition of exposure to air.
Strontium is stable in nature under form of compound with another element because of its highly reactivity to air and water. However synthetic 90Sr is a radioactive fallout with half-life of 28.90 years in naturally physical process and 49.3 years in biological process. In nature, strontium is a common occurring element with two oxidation levels: 0 and +2. Mostly, in nature, due to high chemical ability, only +2 oxidation state of strontium is stable and important.
Pure strontium is a hard, white-colored metal, but this form is not commonly existed in environment, but in form of compounds in minerals. There are variety forms of strontium which do not give any smell exactly. People can categorize strontium compounds in two different types: soluble and non- soluble. Strontium in nature is not radioactive and exists in four different isotopes which are strontium eighty-four, eighty-six, eighty-seven, eighty-eight, symbolized as 84 Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr, 88Sr.
They have the same chemical behavior which leads them get the same effects on health when entering the body. Minerals in general (rocks, soil, dust, coal, oil, surface, ground water), air, plant, animal or even human bodies contain certain amount of strontium. Typical concentration in most of them are few parts per million (ppm). For industrial production, strontium ore is taken from minerals of celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3).
After extracting from strontium ore, strontium is stored in form of compound 7 n with other acid groups, such as carbonate, nitrate… through number of chemical processes. The compound of strontium has varied applications in daily life products, for instrance, glass products, pyrotechnics, paint paigments, fluorescent lights, medicines and other… There are several radioactive isotopes of strontium and one of those is strontium ninety or 90Sr, which is most dangerous isotopes of strontium. Strontium ninety can be formed in processes in nuclear reactors or nuclear weapon bomb. Radioactive chemicals in general and strontium ninety in specific give off radiation to environment which transform those chemical to other isotope of same or other element, named decay process.
Strontium ninety gives off radiation to turn to yttrium ninety (90Y) which decays again to zirconium ninety (90Zr), being more stable isotope. The first decay process (from 90Sr to 90Y) has half-life of 29 years, which contributes more to strontium toxicity. Because 90Sr has very limited use, it is considered as the waste of production while 89Sr is used as a cancer therapeutic to alleviate bone pain and 85Sr is used in medical treatment1. For radioactive 90Sr, it is formed via nuclear fission processes and has been released to natural environment by atmospheric nuclear explosion, nuclear plant waste discharge, nuclear weapon testing and Chernobyl accident in 1986.
90Sr has its daughter which is 90Y and the process of decay into 90Y takes 28.90 years but 90Y decays to 90Zr taking only 64 hours. Additionally in human body, 90Sr mostly accumulates in bone tissues because of its biochemical, atomic structure similarity with its neighbor elements Calcium and Barium. Most of Sr in human body deposits in bone, which is possibly the reason for bone cancer and nearby tissue cancer. Because of its danger to health, 90Sr has got a lot of attention from scientific field.
8 n Agency for toxic substances and disease registry (ATSDR) of United Stated has given their own health statement for strontium toxicity. There are a lot of disposal places in the world and most of them are not authorized to anyone for cleanup activities. Just in the US, at least 102 and 12 of 1,636 sites of National Priorities List (NPL) sites, which contain names and places of all the waste site with hazardous in US have been found strontium and strontium-90 in current list and former list, respectively.