TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering Department of Environmental Science and Technology Doctor Dissertation: IMPACT ANALYSIS ON ODOR FROM OPEN LANDFILL SITE OF MUNICIPAL WASTE -Case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam- By Linh Hoang, TRAN Murayama and Nishikizawa Lab. Supervisors: Takehiko, MURAYAMA Shigeo, NISHIKIZAWA Date: March 2020 ABSTRACT Airborne pollutants and odor emissions generated from landfill operations can adversely affect human health and social well-being. Consequently, these pollutants and emissions must be controlled and regulated. The dispersion of odors in the areas surrounding landfills can create public complaints regarding air quality and can increase social tension.
The distance effect from waste treatment facility on perception of odor and annoyance were examined in various approaches (e. using panelist in field survey or residents who live in the study area) however previous researches did not focus on the maximum distance of perceived odor or odor irritation reported by the community surrounding MSW management facilities. This issue was conducted in this study with a distance of 10.2 km from the landfill site. The purpose of this study was to explore the odor impact from a landfill on neighboring areas by measuring odor concentration and conducting a community survey.
The results indicated that odor impact affected not only residents living close to the landfill site but also those living more than 7 km from the site. Particularly, residents living more than 7 km felt more annoyance of odors than other areas and they tended to poorly evaluate landfill management since people 's attitudes toward landfill operation are strongly influenced their perception of odor. The main factor influencing this perception is wind direction. Additionally, four principal components have been obtained by using factor analysis.
They are identified as “nuisance,” “attitudes towards MSW treatment facility,” “reactions to deal with odor impact,” and “perception of odor intensity.” Finally, the results showed odor concentration in area 1 was higher than the acceptance level 7 times and the level of odor concentration and people 's perception of odor varied by geography. This suggests that social demographics such as education and high income are important in terms of odor perception. Because differences of demographics and lifestyle may generate changes of reactions to environmental odors except at very high or very low concentrations. This research is the first attempt to explore the impact of odor from a landfill site in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Findings suggest that the necessity of developing a policy of odor management in Vietnam context based on Japanese Offensive Odor Control Law to regulate offensive odor emission from business activities for the protection of the living environment and human health. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Takehiko Murayama and Prof. Shigeo Nishikizawa, for their dedicated support of my study.
This doctoral thesis would not be completed without them. Their patience, guidance, and motivation helped me to overcome many obstacles and finish my thesis timely. I do appreciate all the things they have done for me before and so far. I also appreciate financial supports via AUN/SEED.Net for their educational and financial support in my study.
The support really helped me to concentrate in my study without worrying about my financial while gaining invaluable skills from the program. Many thanks to Environmental Control Center Technology Co., Ltd for their support of equipment. Special thanks to Dr. Yukiko Iida for introducing me to that center.
Grateful thanks to my lab-mate, friend for providing me with good information and that helped me to accomplish this research. I would like to thank my parents for supporting me spiritually throughout the course of writing thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ABSTRACT. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
iv LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES. vii Chapter 1 Introduction .1 Background of study.3 Objectives of the study .1 History and current status of MSW treatment facility in Ho Chi Minh .1 History of MSW treatment facility .2 Current status of MSW treatment facility .2 Overview of Da Phuoc MSW management facility and their environmental complaints .1 Characteristics of MSW management facility .2 Odor impact from MSW management facility .2 Case study selection .4 Background of case study.2 Da Phuoc commune .3 Nhon Duc commune .4 Phuoc Kien commune, Nha Be district .5 Phu My Hung urban area. 17 iv Chapter 3 Perception of Odor Impact from an Open Landfill Site in Ho Chi Minh City .1 Objectives of the study .3 Data collection and analysis .4 Results and discussion .3 Annoyance of Daily Life and Human Health Effects .4 Odor Reactions and Attitudes toward MSW Management Facility .5 Relationships between the Cause – Impact Structure.5 Summary of this chapter.
37 Chapter 4 Physical Condition of Odor from Open Landfill Site in Ho Chi Minh City .1 Objectives of the study .2 Climate condition of survey area .3 Data collection and processing. Results and discussion .2 Summary of community survey results .3 Comparison between physical condition of odor measurement and community survey results. Summary of this chapter. 51 Appendix A Questionnaire survey for 2018.
58 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. MSW management facilities in HCMC. 8 Table 2 Waste composition of Da Phuoc landfill (Source: HCMC Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE). 10 Table 3 Odor complaints from residents living in district 7 (DONRE, 2016).
11 Table 4 Odor reactions. 27 Table 5 Attitude towards MSW management facility. 27 Table 6 Component loadings of concerned items by factor analysis (N=197). 31 Table 7 Results of reliability analysis for 1st component.
32 Table 8 Results of reliability analysis for 2nd component. 33 Table 9 Results of reliability analysis for 3rd component. 33 Table 10 Results of reliability analysis for 4th component. 33 Table 11 Results of odor perception by studied area (source: field survey 2018).
44 Table 12 Results of community survey by studied area (source: field survey 2018). 45 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Da Phuoc Solid Waste Management Facility (Source: Google map). 9 Figure 2 Research framework. 13 Figure 3 Windrose of survey location for 2018 (Source: https://www.com/windstatistics/ho-chi-minh-city-tan-son-nhat).
14 Figure 4 Location of study area. 15 Figure 5 Survey location (Source: Google map). 18 Figure 6 Questionnaire interview (Source: field survey 2018). 19 Figure 7 Hypothetical diagram of cause–impact structure.
20 Figure 8 Odor perception: time of the year odors become worse by distance, odor frequency by distance, factor affects odor emission by distance (Source: compile from field survey 2018). 23 Figure 9 Daily life concerns (Source: compile from field survey 2018). 25 Figure 10 Odor concern by distance (Source: compile from field survey 2018). 26 Figure 11 The relationship between questionnaire parts.
28 Figure 12 Relationship between odor frequency and residents’ annoyance of daily activity (a), odor frequency and residents’ concerns (b), residents’ concerns and residents’ annoyance (c), and relationship between residents’ annoyance of daily activity and rating of landfill (d) (Source: compile from field survey 2018). 31 Figure 13 The standard error of REGR factor scores: a) nuisance and attitude; b) nuisance and action; c) nuisance and perception; d) action and perception by distance (Source: compile from field survey 2018). 36 Figure 14 Windrose plot for study area in 2019: a) From January to March; b) From April to June; c) From July to September; d) From October to December. 38 Figure 15 Field Survey location (Source: google map).
39 Figure 16 a) Odor concentration; b) Windrose plot for area 1 of Sep 20, 2019 (source: prepared from field survey 2019). 41 Figure 17 a) Odor concentration; b) Windrose plot for area 2 of Sep 16, 2019 (source: prepared from field survey 2019). 42 Figure 18 a) Odor concentration; b) Windrose plot for area 3 of Sep 17, 2019 (source: prepared from field survey 2019). 43 Figure 19 Odor concentration in each area ((source: field survey 2019).
43 vii Figure 20 Period of time odor perceived (source: field survey 2018). 44 Figure 21 Comparison between odor concentration and odor annoyance (source: field survey 2018 and 2019). 46 Figure 22 Odor annoyance by education background. 47 Figure 23 Odor annoyance by years of living in current.
47 viii Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter introduces the background of this study. It presents the overview of odor impact from MSW management facility, environmental problems of MSW treatment centers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Literature review of odor impacts and the effect of distance on odor annoyance are described in this chapter. It also presents the purpose of this study.1 Background of study Municipal solid waste (MSW) management centers have an adverse impact on the environment (El-Fadel et al., 1997; Lisk, 1991; Rabl et al.
They contaminate the environment in two main ways: (i) contaminated gas and metals seep into the air, water, and soil from the degradation and treatment of wastes; (ii) garbage disposal causes many problems like noise, litter, dust, vermin, odor, and damage to productive agriculture and historic sites. Therefore, evaluating the influence of MSW management on the environment is a critical task. This task is challenging as many factors such as odor dispersion on nearby landscape, meteorology, and atmosphere, the residence size and educational level of the residents, and weather per season need to be considered. Gas emissions from the MSW, such as bacteria, odor, and particles, can significantly disturb the neighboring inhabitants.
Odors have always been a social problem, but there have been public concerns recently about their potential health and wellbeing impacts. This has resulted in public opinion concern about air quality problems and complaints to municipal authorities (Brancher et al., 2019) that the key sources of complaints are waste treatment plants and farming (Keck et al., 2018; Sironi et al., 2005) to local authorities (Brancher et al. Annoyance of odors emission by waste plants (e., waste settlements and composition sites) and by animal processing activities (Blanco-Rodríguez et al., 2018) is one of the key causes of concerns among those who live near these sites (Keck et al., 2018), and has brought an increased focus on regulating the effects of air contaminants in nearby regions (Hayes et al. , 2014; Bibbiani and Russo, 2012).
Unpleasant smells may cause a variety of emotional and unwanted reactions from annoyance to reported medical consequences which result in lower quality of life (Blanes-Vidal et al., 2012; Domingo & Nadal, 2009; Palmiotto et al. Hence, researches on the odor effect of MSW centers were carried out in many territories, such as the US, Europe, Japan, and Korea. Qualitative evaluation of the odor effects on residences is often performed (Sarkar & Hobbs, 2002; Sarkar et al., 2003) by using survey questionnaires to give a standardized assessment (Hayes et al. Recently, some surveys targeted three critical points, including the odor effect on health, wellbeing, and how the odor effects are influenced by residents’ recognition.
However, such studies have not been conducted intensively in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, where the waste degradation is much faster and has a more significant impact on the environment due to the tropical weather. HCMC is the biggest city in southern Vietnam in terms of population and economy. The population of HCMC was estimated at 8.83 million people in 2018, and it has an area of 2,061. In 2016, HCMC citizens generated 8,175 tons of waste solid per day, including 6,700-7,000 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a rate of 1.02 kg/capita/day (Verma et al.
The amount of MSW in HCMC has been increasing at a rate of approximately 5-6% per year (DONRE, 2018). MSW mainly came from households, schools, hotels, and restaurants. Landfills are the conventional treatment for MSW in HCMC. There are two main landfill sites in HCMC: Da Phuoc and Phuoc Hiep.
Around 86% of solid waste is landfilled in these two sites, and the remaining 14% is recycled.