Viet Nam National University, Ha Noi University of Engineering and Technology Lam Sinh Cong Network Coding On Cooperative Relay Networks Master Thesis Ha Noi - 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Viet Nam National University, Ha Noi University of Engineering and Technology Lam Sinh Cong Network Coding On Cooperative Relay Networks Branch: Electronics and Telecommunications Technology Major: Electronics Engineering Code: 60 52 70 Master Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Nguyen Quoc Tuan Ha Noi-2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan luận văn là kết quả nghiên cứu của tôi, không sao chép của ai. Nội dung luận văn có tham khảo và sử dụng các tài liệu, thông tin được đăng tải ở các hội nghị, tạp chí, và các trang web theo danh mục tài liệu tham khảo của luận văn Tác giả luận văn Lâm Sinh Công TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Acknowledgements I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr Nguyen Quoc Tuan, whose en- couragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. My grateful thanks also go to Professor Dinh Thong Nguyen form Univer- sity of Technology Sydney, Australia, my former colleagues from Department of Telecommunication Systems, Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunica- tion, UET-VNU,H whose help, guidance helped me in all the time of research for and writing of this thesis.
I also want to thank Project 39/2012/HD/NDT granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam for the support for my researches. I would also like to thank my family for the support they provided me through my entire life and in particular. ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Contents Abstract 1 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to cooperative relay networks .1 The relay protocols .2 Advantages of Cooperative Diversity Relaying Networks .2 Introduction to Network Coding .1 Non-Binary and Binary Network Coding .2 Advantages of Network Coding .3 Weaknesses of Network Coding .3 Cooperative Diversity Relaying Networks using network coding .1 Traditional Relay Multiple-Wireless Networks .2 Single Relay Networks using Network Coding .3 Multiple-Relay Networks using Network Coding. 22 3 Outage Probability Calculations 24 3.2 Outage Probability Definition .3 Outage Probability of Multiple-Relay Networks .1 Traditional Decode-and-Forward relaying .2 Selection Decode-and-Forward relaying .4 Outage Probability of Single Relay Networks using Network coding .5 Outage Probability of Multiple-Relay Networks using Network Coding.
36 Conclusions and Future Works 42 iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Bibliography 43 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com List of Figures 1.3 Cooperative relay network .4 An example of Network Coding .5 An example of Non-linear Network Coding .6 An example of linear Network Coding .7 The butterfly network .8 The weakness of Network Coding .1 A traditional single relay network .2 A traditional multiple-relay network .3 Network coding in single relay network .4 Multiple-relay network using network coding .1 The direct link between the input and the output .2 Outage probability of a direct link .3 Outage Probability of fixed and selection DF relay .4 The degraded system model of a single relay network based on NC .5 The degraded system model of a single relay network based on NC .6 Outage probability of the single relay network with and without network coding 36 3.7 Link s1 r1 is in outage .8 Outage probability of relay networks with different scenarios. 41 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Abstract In communication, Cooperative Diversity Relaying refers to devices com- municating with one another with the help of relays in order to increase the performance of the network. However, in one timeslot, the relay only trans- mits the signal of one source. Therefore, Network Coding is introduced to improve the throughput of the network.
Combining Cooperative Relay Net- work and Network Coding should be studied to achieve significant benefits and overcome some weakness. In this thesis, we consider the effect of Net- work Coding on Cooperative Relay Network. We propose to use Selection Decode-and-Forward instead of Traditional Decode-and-Forward protocol at the relay. We also use the instantaneous channel gains to calculate the outage probability of the proposal system model.
The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In Chapter II, the system model of a multiple-relay network is described. The outage probability is calculated in Chapter III. Finally, the conclusions and the future works are drawn in Section IV.
TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to cooperative relay networks The sharp increase in the number of mobile subscribers which needs large bandwidth for multimedia applications anywhere and anytime requires the network service providers to optimize and develop the current technologies in order to ensure that the Quality of Services (QoS) is always satisfied. Diversity scheme are used to improve the reliability of a message signal by transmitting multiple version of the same signal over different communication channels. Because of time-varying channel conditions, the diversity plays an important role in combating fading and co-channel interference. Diversity techniques are divided into the following types: time diversity, frequency diversity, space diversity, polarization diversity, muiltiuser diversity! [1].
• Time diversity: The transmitter sends the same data at different time instants or a redundant error correcting code is added into the messages before transmitting. Repetition coding is one of the most popular types of time diversity. 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com • Frequency diversity: The signal transmitted by using different frequency channels on a single antenna. At the destination, it requires the number of receivers as the number of frequencies used at the transmitter.
It therefore requires more spectrum usage. Transmitter Receiver 1 1 Transmitted Recovered antenna antenna signal signal Transmitter Receiver 2 2 Figure 1.1: Frequency Diversity • Spatial diversity. The signal is transmitted over different path by using several antennas at the transmitter in order to allow multiusers to share a spectrum and avoid co-channel interference.2: Space Diversity • Polarization diversity: The same messages are transmitted and received by using antennas with different polarization. A diversity combining tech- nique designed to combine the multiple received signals at the destination is used in this case.
2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com • Multiuser diversity: In this technique, the transmitter and receiver rely on the quality of the link between the transmitter and each receiver in order to selects the best partner. In recent years, MIMO (multi-input multi-output) technology based on spatial diversity and spatial diversity has attracted attention in wireless com- munication because it greatly improves the reliability, the throughput and the transmission rate without additional bandwidth nor requiring higher trans- mitter power. However, this technique requires both the transmitter and the receiver to have multi-antennas, and all channels must be independent. In practice, users do not often achieve full-rank MIMO because they either do not have multiple-antennas installed on a small-size devices, or the propaga- tion environment cannot support MIMO, for example, there is not enough scattering.
Even if the users have enough antennas, full-rank MIMO is not guaranteed because the links between several antenna elements are often cor- related. To overcome the limitations in diversity gain MIMO, a new communication paradigm which uses an intermediate node to generate independent channel between the user and the base station was introduced. The intermediate node often called relay node receives the signal transmitted from the user and forward it to the base station. And this paradigm is called Cooperative Diversity Relaying Network.
3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.1 The relay protocols A key aspect of the cooperative communication process is the processing of the signal received from the source node carried out by the relay. These dif- ferent processing schemes depend on the protocols of the relays which can be generally categorized into fixed relaying schemes, selection relaying protocol (adaptive relaying schemes) and incremental relaying protocol. In Fixed relaying protocols, the relay either amplifies what it receives, or fully decodes, re-encodes, and re-transmits the source message. These fixed relaying options are called amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF), respectively.
Amplify and Forward is the protocol in which the relay receives the signal form the source and amplifies it before forwarding to the destination. While, Decode-and-Forward relay decodes and re-encodes the received message before sends it to the destination. Note that the decoded signal at the relay may be incorrect. If an incorrect signal is forwarded to the destination, the decoding at the destination is meaningless [2].
Therefore, sometimes the relay must be silent because it can not detect the presence of the signal or the signal quality is not good enough for the relay to decode fully the messages. Selection relaying (SR) protocol is designed to overcome the shortcomings of DF relaying when the measured SNR at the relay falls below a threshold that the relay becomes unable to decode the message, the source simply continues its direct transmission to the destination using repetition coding or other more powerful codes. In incremental relaying (IR) protocol, the relay only transmits upon a neg- 4 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ative feedback from the destination. Fixed relaying makes inefficient use of relay channel resources when operating at high rates because the relays repeat all the time, and under good transmission conditions this is un-necessarily.
In IR networks, the destination sends a one-bit ACK to the source and the relay if it can successfully decode message from the source, otherwise it sends a NACK to signal it fails to decode the message. Only when the relay re- ceives a NACK and if it is able to decode the source message, it will forward the message to the destination by employing AF relaying. The destination receiver then uses maximum ratio combining (MRC) of the signal from the source and the relay to build up its receive SNR until it can successfully decode the message. This is equivalent to using the well known repetition coding technique to combat deep fading situations.2 Advantages of Cooperative Diversity Relaying Networks Cooperative Diversity Relaying refers to devices communicating with one another with the help of relays in order to increase the performance of the network [3].
Thereby, the relay channel can be considered as an auxiliary channel to the direct channel between the source and destination.3 shows a network model using M relays. The operation of this model can be divided into M + 1 time slots. In the first time slot, the source sends its messages to the relays and the destination using the broadcast method. The relay i relies on the defined protocol to receive and process the source message before retransmitting it to the destination in timeslot i.
The presence of the signal is decided at the destination by comparing the 5 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com measured SNR with a threshold. R1 R2 Direct link S D Broadcast Broadcast mode mode RM Figure 1.3: Cooperative relay network The operation of each relay is independent of the others, so that there is no correlation among all channels. We will show that the diversity gain and the robustness of this system model is increased significantly. It is clear that the destination can not decode a source’s messages if and only if all links connect- ing the M relays and that source to the destination are in outage.
Assuming that the outage probabilities of these links are the same, and denoted by p. Then the probability of system outage event is pout = pM +1. In [4], the diversity gain is defined as − log P D, lim (1.1) SN R→∞ log SN R in which P is the outage probability, SN R is the signal to noise ratio. Then − log P M +1 D= lim ≈M +1 (1.2) SN R→∞ log SN R Equation 1.2 indicates that the user can guarantee the maximum diversity which is equal the number of the relays plus the direct link, i.e being the minimum cut at each source.