COUPLING OF HYDRODYNAMIC AND WAVE MODELS FOR STORM TIDE SIMULATIONS: A CASE STUDY FOR HURRICANE FLOYD (1999) by YUJI FUNAKOSHI B. Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 2000 M. Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, 2002 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2006 Major Professor: Scott C. Hagen UMI Number: 3242434 UMI Microform 3242434 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company.
All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 © 2006 Yuji Funakoshi ii ABSTRACT This dissertation presents the development of a two-dimensional St.
Johns River model and the coupling of hydrodynamic and wave models for the simulation of storm tides. The hydrodynamic model employed for calculating tides and surges is ADCIRC-2DDI (ADvanced CIRCulation Model for Shelves, Coasts and Estuaries, Two-Dimensional Depth Integrated) developed by Luettich et al. The finite element based model solves the fully nonlinear shallow water equations in the generalized wave continuity form. Hydrodynamic applications are operated with the following forcings: 1) astronomical tides, 2) inflows from tributaries, 3) meteorological effects (winds and pressure), and 4) waves (wind-induced waves).
The wave model applied for wind-induced wave simulation is the third-generation SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore), applicable to the estimation of wave parameters in coastal areas and estuaries. The SWAN model is governed by the wave action balance equation driven by wind, sea surface elevations and current conditions (Holthuijsen et al. The overall work is comprised of three major phases: 1) To develop a model domain that incorporates the entire East Coast of the United States, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, while honing in on the St. Johns River area; 2) To employ output from the SWAN model with the ADCIRC model and produce a uni-directional coupling of the two models in order to investigate the effects of the wave radiation stresses; 3) To couple the ADCIRC model with the SWAN model to describe the complete interactions of the two physical processes.
iii Model calibration and comparisons are accomplished in three steps. First, astronomical tide simulation results are calibrated with historical NOS (National Ocean Service) tide data. Second, overland and riverine flows and meteorological effects are included, and computed river levels are compared with the historical NOS water level data. Finally, the storm tides generated by Hurricane Floyd are simulated and compared with historical data.
This research results in a prototype for real-time simulation of tides and waves for flash flood and river-stage forecasting efforts of the NWS Forecasting Centers that border coastal areas. The following two main conclusions are reported: 1) regardless of whether one uses uni-coupling or coupling, wind-induced waves result in an approximately 10 – 15 % higher peak storm tide level than without any coupling; and 2) the wave-current interaction described by the coupling model results in decreasing peaks and increasing troughs in the storm tide hydrograph. Two main corollary conclusions are also drawn from a 122-day hindcast for the period spanning June 1 – October 1, 2005. First, wind forcing for the St.
Johns River is equal to or greater than that of astronomic tides and generally supersedes the impact of inflows, while pressure variations have a minimal impact. Secondly, water levels inside the St. Johns River depend on the wind forcings in the deep ocean; however, if one applies an elevation hydrograph boundary condition from a large-scale domain model to a local-scale domain model the results are highly accurate. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to those people whose assistance helped me finalize this research.
First, I would like to thank Dr. Hagen for his exceptional support and advice on this project as well as the many pleasant conversations I had with him during my stay at UCF. I also would like to thank Dr. Gour-Tsyh Yeh, Dr.
Necati Catbas, and Dr. Alain Kassab for agreeing to serve on my committee; Dr. Pedro Restrepo of NOAA/NWS/OHD and Ms. Reggina Cabrera of SERFC, for providing the vital information about the St.
Johns River; Dr. Sucsy of SJRWMD, for providing the bathymetric data associated with the St. Johns River; Andrew T. Cox of Oceanweather Inc., for providing the wind field information; R.
Jensen of USACE, for providing the wave field information; Peter Bacopoulos, for checking the English usage in this dissertation; and many thanks to both current and past lab members: Daniel Dietsche, Derek Giardino, David Coggin, Juliano Elias, Michael Parrish, Mike Salisbury, Ryan Murray, Satoshi Kojima, Naeko Takahashi, and Qing Wang. Last but not least, I am very grateful to have such a wonderful family in my life. This research was in part conducted under award NA04NWS4620013 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U. Department of Commerce, and Award N00014- 02-1-0150 from the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) administered by the Office of Naval Research (ONR).
The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA, the Department of Commerce, ONR or NOPP and its affiliates. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. x LIST OF TABLES. xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
xviii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .1 The Western North Atlantic Tidal (WNAT) Model Domain. 8 CHAPTER 2 WAVE MECHANICS AND DYNAMICS.1 The Basic Types of Ocean Waves .1 Statistical Treatment of Wind Waves .2 Generation of Wind Waves.4 The Governing Equation for Wind Waves and Swell .5 Tides and Tidal Currents.7 The Governing Equations for Tides and Storm Surges .1 The Depth-Integrated Equations. 32 CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW .1 Coupling of Wave and Hydrodynamic Models .2 Coupling of Wave model and Atmospheric Models .3 Coupling of Hydrodynamic and Atmospheric Models.4 Ultimate Coupling Model and Discussion. 43 CHAPTER 4 MODEL DESCRIPTIONS.2 WAM and SWAN.1 Wave Radiation Stresses.3 Wind Field Model.1 Wind Stresses for ADCIRC-2DDI.2 Wind Stresses for WAM and SWAN.
60 CHAPTER 5 FINITE ELEMENT MESHES AND FINITE DIFFERENCE GRID DEVELOPMENT. Johns River Region.2 Finite Element Mesh Development .1 The Global-Scale ADCIRC Mesh (WNAT-SJR Mesh) .2 The Local-Scale ADCIRC Mesh (Pseudo-Operational Mesh) .3 Finite Difference Grid Development .1 The Global-Scale WAM Grid .2 The Local-Scale SWAN Grid .4 Coupling Model Domain. 77 CHAPTER 6 MODEL SETUP.1 The ADCIRC Model.1 Astronomical Tides Verification.2 River Inflow Verification.3 Hurricane Floyd Wind Frocing Verification.4 Coupling of the SWAN model for Hurricane Floyd Storm Tide Simulation .2 The SWAN Model .3 Model Output Locations. 82 CHAPTER 7 SIMULATION RESULTS .1 The ADCIRC Model Simulation .1 Astronomical Tide Verification .2 River Inflow Verification.3 Wind Forcings Verification and 122-day Simulation .4 Hydrograph Boundary Condition Verification .5 Hurricane Floyd Wind Forcings Verification .2 The Uni-Coupling Model Simulation .1 The Uni-Coupling Procedure .2 Wind-Induced Wave Verification.3 The Coupling Model Simulation .1 The Coupling Procedure .2 Wave-Current Interaction Verification .5 Creation of the Best Hydrograph.
138 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK. 145 APPENDIX A ADCIRC-2DDI INPUT FILE: MESH DESCRIPTION. 146 APPENDIX B ADCIRC-2DDI INPUT FILE: MODEL PARAMETER. 148 APPENDIX C SWAN INPUT FILE: MODEL PARAMETER.
153 APPENDIX D NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS: THE ADCIRC RESULTS. 155 APPENDIX E NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS: THE UNI-COUPLING AND COUPLING RESULTS. 192 LIST OF REFERENCES. 207 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The WNAT model domain with boundary.3: Hurricane Floyd track September 6 to 18, 1999 (NOAA).4: Hurricane Floyd maximum wind speed (mph, blue line) and minimum pressure (mb, red line) September 8 to 17, 1999 (NOAA).1: Schematic distribution of wave energy in frequencies (Massel 1996).2: Energy spectrum of waves (Bowden 1983).3: Definition of a directional wave spectrum (Bowden 1983).4: Forces involved in the formation of a spring tide (PhysicalGeography.5: Forces involved in the formation of a neap tide (PhysicalGeography.1: A schematic of the storm tides (Graber et al.2: A schematic of one- and two-way coupling of wave and hydrodynamic models.3: A schematic of coupling of wave and atmospheric models.4: An image from the first ocean circulation/atmospheric coupling model (Manabe et al.5: A schematic of coupling of wave and hydrodynamic models.6: A schematic of coupling of wave, hydrodynamic, and atmospheric models.1: Hurricane Floyd wind field.
Johns River region. Johns River and major drainage basins (Sucsy and Morris 2002).3: Finite element mesh for the WNAT-SJR model.4: Bathymetry for the WNAT-SJR model.5: Finite element mesh and bathymetry for St.6: Finite element mesh and bathymetry for the St. Johns River: inset α .7: Finite element mesh and bathymetry for the St. Johns River: inset β .8: Finite element mesh and bathymetry for the St.
Johns River: inset γ .9: Finite element mesh and bathymetry for the St. Johns River: inset δ .10: Finite element mesh and bathymetry for the Pseudo-Operational model.11: Wave field of the WAM model and maximum significant wave height generated by Hurricane Floyd (1999).12: Finite difference grid for the SWAN domain.13: Bathymetry for the SWAN domain.14: Overlapped finite element mesh and finite difference grid and NOS tidal gauge stations.1: NOAA\NOS tidal gauge locations for the Florida Atlantic Coast and the St.1: Astronomical tide comparison at Mayport.2: Astronomical tide comparison at I-295 Bridge West End.3: Astronomical tide comparison at Wekala.4: a) USGS gauge and river inflow locations and b) a relationship between precipitation [in] and average wind speed [mph] at Sanford.5: River level comparison at Mayport.6: River level comparison at I-295 Bridge West End.7: River level comparison at Buffalo Bluff.8: a) The 2005 Atlantic storm tracks and timeline (Wikipedia) and b) precipitation [in] and average wind speed [mph] at Jacksonville during simulation period.9: River level comparison at Main Street Bridge.10: Water level comparison (September 1 through 15, 2005) at Mayport.11: Water level comparison (September 16 through 30, 2005) at Mayport.12: Water level comparison (September 1 through 15, 2005) at I-295 Bridge.13: Water level comparison (September 16 through 30, 2005) at I-295 Bridge.14: Water level comparison (September 1 through 15, 2005) at Buffalo Bluff.15: Water level comparison (September 16 through 30, 2005) at Buffalo Bluff.16: Water level comparison (September 1 through 15, 2005) at Mayport.17: Water level comparison (September 16 through 30, 2005) at Mayport.18: Water level comparison (September 1 through 15, 2005) at I-295 Bridge.19: Water level comparison (September 16 through 30, 2005) at I-295 Bridge.20: Water level comparison (September 1 through 15, 2005) at Buffalo Bluff.21: Water level comparison (September 16 through 30, 2005) at Buffalo Bluff.22: Water level comparison based on the wind forcings at Fernandina Beach.23: Water level comparison based on the wind forcings at Mayport.24: Water level comparison based on the wind forcings at St.25: Water level comparison based on the wind forcings at Wekala.26: Water level comparison applying two domain sizes and hydrograph boundary conditions at Mayport.27: Water level comparison with various bottom frictions at Mayport.28: Water level comparison with various bottom frictions at Fernandina Beach.29: Water level comparison with several drag coefficients at Mayport.30: Water level comparison with several drag coefficients at Wekala.31: A diagram of uni-coupling SWAN and ADCIRC models.32: Water level comparison in non- and uni-couplings at Fernandina Beach.33: Water level comparison in non- and uni-couplings at Mayport.34: Water level comparison in non- and uni-couplings at St.35: Nested SWAN domain.36: Water level comparison using different boundary conditions at Mayport.37: Water level comparison applying the different modes in SWAN at Mayport.38: The methodology of the coupling of SWAN and ADCIRC models.39: Water level comparison among three models at Fernandina Beach.40: Water level comparison among three models at Mayport.41: Water level comparison among three models at St.42: Water level comparison used several exchange times at Mayport.43: Water level comparison by applying the hydrograph BC at Mayport.44: Maximum storm tide counters with the coupling model around Mayport.45: Water level comparison in three hydrographs at Fernandina Beach.46: Water level comparison in three hydrographs at Mayport.47: Water level comparison in three hydrographs at St.1: Simulation results (1 – 3, 1-4) at WWTD Mayport Naval Station.