THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY …. TRẦN VĂN NAM TOPIC TITLE: Modeling of Insect Biodiversity and Population Dynamic on Vegetable Crops under Temperature Fluctuation Bachelor Thesis Study Mode: Full-Time Major : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : K42 - AEP Thai Nguyen, 20/01/2015 1 n Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Tran Van Nam Student ID DTN1053180074 Thesis Title Modeling of Insect Biodiversity and Population Dynamic on Vegetable Crops under Temperature Fluctuation Supervisor (s) Dr. ARINAFRIL - Head of Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Lecturer at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya, South Sumatera, Indonesia Dr. Ho Ngoc Son - Deputy Dean of Forestry Faculty, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen City, Viet Nam Abstract: Environmental concern is a very urgent issue that needs an urgent response from the people.An experiment to determine the influence of temperature fluctuation on biodiversity of insect and its population dynamic has been carried out from September 2014 to December 2014.
This experiment took places in four different farm areas in Palembang and Indralaya, both are in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The insects caught in each observation and in each farm were collected and identified. Models to predict the population dynamic of insects was established by putting the variable of temperature when the experiments were carried out and by making-up the temperature to assess the influence of temperature change on insect population dynamic. Results showed that the temperature could influence the existence of insects.
It was indicated by the differences of the number of insects caught. Model established showed that if rise of temperature would be followed the reduction of insect. Keywords Climate change Insect; Plant; Biodiversity; Population dynamic; Temperature Number of Pages 55 Pages Date of Submission 07 – 01 – 2015 i n ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to express my special thanks to Dr. ARINAFRIL for giving permission to accomplish my Bachelor thesis in Plant Protection program study, Agroecotechnology Deparment, Agriculture Faculty, Sriwijaya Universtiy, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia as one of the part in his “Insect Biodiversity and Climate Change” project.
Secondly, I would like to thank to my research advisor Rizky Randal Cameron and all my friends ( The students who is supervised by Dr. ARINAFRIL) who helped my for collecting all flying insects and soil insects in vegetable crop farms and guided for the identification of those insects. Without them, this work cannot be done. Especially thankful I am for the support of Dr.
Ho Ngoc Son. Thanks a lot for your expert, valuable guidance and experiences during my working time for my research. I am thankful for the Weather Station at Sriwijaya University and Agency for Climatology, Meteorology and Geophysics at Palembang for supporting me the valuable data which was the most important for my research. Furthermore, I deeply thank the ASEAN International Mobility for Students (AIMS) program for giving me this valuable and unforgettable oppotunities for conducting the research in Indonesia, and also the supporting from the Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory which importantly providing me all necessary facilities, skill, and knowledge to complete my research and thesis Finally, I would like to say thanks to my families and friends who encourage and support me unceasingly.
Thank you very much! ii n Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. ii PART I: INTRODUCTION.4 PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 The distribution of insects .2 Direct effects of environment change on insects herbivores.3 The relationship between chaning temperature and insects .4 Insect population under temperature fluctuation.5 Simile program/ Software .12 PART III: METHODS .1 Overview of the methods.2 Popolation/ Samples and location .4 Sampling technique(s) and Procedure.18 PART IV: RESULTS.1 Insects diversity in the research area.2 Insects biodiverstiy at all observation area. Dynamic of insects population under the changing of environment.1 How to run the Simile software.2 Modeling and interpretations .24 PART V: DICUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.1 Restrictions/ Limiting Conditions .2 Increased temperature could increase pest insect population.3 Increased temperature could also decrease pest insect population .4 The relationship between temperature and insects.1 Research rationale Nowadays, environment is a very urgent issue that needs an urgent respond from the people. Environment plays an important role not only for human beings but it also supports all of the species around the world.
It is conceded as one of the most crucial issues that challenge all Environmental Scientists around the world. Environmental change in general and climate change in particular are the most important and the most complex review that the human has to face. Effects of climate changes are the evidents in the increasing to the temperature, recurrent droughts, flooding ect. And those changes may have many serious impacts not only on the production of global crop, but also on the agriculture production and it may lead to famine and starvation.
Beside that, precipitation and temperature are the climate factors which may have a very strong influence on the development, reproduction and survival of coleopteran, dipteran, flightless insects such as bugs, bees, flies, beetles, wasps such changes in climatic conditions could profoundly affect the population dynamics and the status of insect pests of the crops (Woiwod, 1997). According to Erik E. Stange, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Lillehammer, Norway and Matthew P Ayres, Dartsmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, “ The distribution and abundance of the earth’s insect species may affected by the climate powerful, warming temperature may generate changes for the population and ecosystemsof many insects and the their inhabit. Warmer or cooler 2 n temperatures associated with climate change will tend to influence on the insect special’s population dynamics directly by effecting on survival, generation time and dispersal.” Otherwise, few studies have been done on minimizing the impacts of environmental change which was invested a huge amount of money from the government.
Sadly, it seems to be no change at all as it is getting to be worst. Furthermore, there are increasing numbers of bad impressions regarding environmental change.2 Research’s objectives The purpose of this study is to determine how environmental change affects insect biodiversity population dynamic, or in other words, to determine all the direct and indirect impacts of climate change to the insect biodiversity population dynamic. This research is not a solution to embark upon the environmental change problem, but it could be useful to educators responsible for curriculum designing to face and tackle with in minimizing the negative effects of the environmental change. It may also lead to a better understanding for environmental change.
So based on this research, some solution can be adopted to address the problem 1.3 Research Questions The research aims to answer the following questions that we’re concern about: 1. What and how does environmental change affects the insect biodiversity population? 2. How is the dynamic of insects population under the changing of environment? 3. What are the relationship between environment and insects ? 3 n 1.4 General Background Each individual insect species has response to climate change.
However, it will depend on their geographic range, natural history or trophic level. Insect populations are expected to benefit most from climate change through more rapid development and increased survival. There are also many effects of rising warming on tropical insect species. The warmer winter temperatures may decrease the insect species mortality, leading to pole ward range expansions.
The effects of warming on insects species also can act indirectly through trophic interaction as host plants and natural enemies. The insect feature among the documented range expansions that demonstrate biological responses to the climate change. Most of the insect’s species have relatively short life cycles in general, high reproductive capacity, and high mobility. The responses to warming temperatures can produce large and rapid effects on species population dynamics.
4 n PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The distribution of insects Insects are distributing everywhere in the World, it is the most abundant animal group of planet, there are including more than one million species which have been described. There are more than a half of all living organisms, and the remaining is about 6 million to 10 million species, insects can live in most of the environment or habitat, although only a few species can live in the seas or oceans where crustaceans predominate. The distributiom of organisms can be determined by the influences to global climate change though environmental factor .It plays a very important role in defining the limitation and distribution of a species.The distribution of most insect species will shift towards the poles and to higher elevations with predicted temperature increase due to climate change and temperate regions will bear the main burdenof these shifts. With changes in climate, these limits are shifting as species expand into higher latitudes and altitudes and disappear from areas that have becomeclimatically unsuitable (Parmesan, 2006 and Menéndez, 2007).
The environment change would change the distribution of all insects, extreme weather condition have the biggest impact on species distribution, and the distribution of these insect species will be reduced in both tropical and temperate species.2 Direct effects of environment change on insects herbivores Due to the change of the environment, the number of insects have been decreasing. There included changing in rainfall pattern, and extreme climatic events, these seasonal and long term changes would affect the fauna and flora and population dynamics of insects, the abiotic parameters have direct impact on insect population dynamics through modulation, of 5 n development rate, survival and dispersal. And in environment aspects, climate change would be the most impacts in the population dynamic of insect pest. So that is why temperature plays a very important role in insect population dynamics.
It has been studied for long time ago about the effects of the quality of host plan, predation and all factors of biotic on thepopulation of insect herbivore (Price et al, 1980). The distribution and abundance of the Earth’s insect species are affected by climate exerts powerful, and we should expect climate warming to generate changes for many insects populations and the ecosystems. According to a subtantial scientific literature, it provides a foundation for describing how insect species are responding to recent climate trends on the basic of insecct physiology, and the species distributions and population dynamics for the future. The warmer temperatures generally lead to more development and survival in mid – to high latitudes of insects.
Due to the short life cycles, high reproductive capacity and high degree of mobility, insects physiological responses to warming temperatures can also generate particularly large and effects on species population dynamics (Stivers 1999, et al ). There has been increasely studied in how climate change and other anthropogetic on natural environment affects to the interactions. In other words,it is growing interest in how such interactions may be affected in changing climate and impacts on the enviromental natural (Bale et al 2002). A recent attention have been the subject by the reponses of individuals, populations and simple assemblages.
The effect of their associated herbivores are known unwell (Bale et al 2002). A group of insects herbivores are included the leaf, plant, and frog hoppers and it is being greater than other group of insects, a major inflience on auchenorrhynchan have all been shown by the effects of host 6 n plant quality, plant architecture, plan species composition and successional age of plant community (e. Climate change may directly affects to the insects population dynamics, therefore, the influence of temperature on life history may maintain adaptive the time of development, and life- cycle, avoiding the low and cold temperature included mortality. Climate change on community asociates may indrectly influence to the insect population, a high degree of complexity and uncertainty can be decided to the insects responed to climate change as the number of insects can influenced directly by temperature and indrectly by climate effects on host plant and their community (Barbara et al.