About Pearson Pearson is the world’s learning company, with presence across 70 countries worldwide. Our unique insights and world-class expertise comes from a long history of working closely with renowned teachers, authors and thought leaders, as a result of which, we have emerged as the preferred choice for millions of teachers and learners across the world. We believe learning opens up opportunities, creates fulfilling careers and hence better lives. We hence collaborate with the best of minds to deliver you class- leading products, spread across the Higher Education and K12 spectrum.
Superior learning experience and improved outcomes are at the heart of everything we do. This product is the result of one such effort. Your feedback plays a critical role in the evolution of our products and you can contact us – reachus@pearson. We look forward to it.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 1 6/20/2018 9:29:10 AM Thispageisintentionallyleftblank www.com thermal Engineering Sadhu Singh Former Professor and Head Mechanical Engineering Department and Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Technology Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand and Former Director (Colleges), Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab Sukumar Pati Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 3 6/20/2018 9:29:14 AM Copyright © 2018 Pearson India Education Services Pvt.
Ltd Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128. No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version.
The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. ISBN 978-93-528-6668-7 eISBN 9789353063320 Head Office: 15th Floor, Tower-B, World Trade Tower, Plot No. 1, Block-C, Sector 16, Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India. Registered Office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City, TS 140, Block 2 & 9, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai - 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060 Website: in.com, Email: companysecretary.com Dedicated to my Parents —Sadhu Singh Dedicated to my beloved Parents Late Sakti Pada Pati and Usha Rani Pati —Sukumar Pati www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 5 6/20/2018 9:29:14 AM Thispageisintentionallyleftblank www.com Brief Contents Preface xxvii About the Authors xxix Chapter 1 Fuels and Combustion 1 Chapter 2 Properties of Steam 51 Chapter 3 Steam Generators 87 Chapter 4 Steam Power Cycles 161 Chapter 5 Steam Engines 214 Chapter 6 Flow Through Steam Nozzles 253 Chapter 7 Steam Turbines 316 Chapter 8 Steam Condensers 386 Chapter 9 Gas Power Cycles 423 Chapter 10 Internal Combustion Engine Systems 485 Chapter 11 Performance of Internal Combustion Engines 622 Chapter 12 Reciprocating Air Compressors 690 Chapter 13 Rotary Air Compressors 735 Chapter 14 Centrifugal Air Compressors 744 Chapter 15 Axial Flow Air Compressors 789 Chapter 16 Gas Turbines 840 www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 7 6/20/2018 2:44:41 PM viii Brief Contents Chapter 17 Jet Propulsion 922 Chapter 18 Introduction to Refrigeration961 Chapter 19 Vapour Compression and Vapour Absorption Systems 999 Chapter 20 Air-Conditioning and Psychrometrics 1034 Appendix A 1091 Index1121 www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 8 6/20/2018 9:29:14 AM Contents Preface xxvii About the Authors xxix Chapter 1 Fuels and Combustion 1 1.2 Classification of Fuels 1 1.3 Desirable Properties of Coal 3 1.4 Ranking of Coal 4 1.5 Grading of Coal 4 1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid Fuels 5 1.2 Calorific Value of Liquid Fuels 5 1.3 Desirable Properties of Liquid Fuels 5 1.1 Calorific Value of Gaseous Fuels 6 1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Gaseous Fuels 7 1.3 Important Properties of Gaseous Fuels 7 1.6 Liquefied Gases 7 1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 8 1.2 Liquefied or Compressed Natural Gas 8 1.8 Analysis of Fuels 9 1.9 Calorific Value of Fuels 9 www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 9 6/20/2018 2:44:42 PM x Contents 1.10 Combustion of Fuels 10 1.11 Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuel 11 1.12 Minimum Air Required for Complete Combustion of Solid/Liquid Fuels 11 1.13 Conversion of Volumetric Analysis to Mass (or Gravimetric) Analysis and Vice-Versa 12 1.14 Determination of Air Supplied 13 1.1 Percentage of Carbon by Mass in Fuel and Volumetric Analysis is Known 13 1.2 Excess Air Supplied 14 1.15 Determination of Percentage of Carbon in Fuel Burning to CO and CO2 14 1.16 Determination of Minimum Quantity of Air Required for Complete Combustion of Gaseous Fuel 15 1.17 Determination of Excess Air Supplied for Gaseous Fuel 15 1.18 Flue Gas Analysis 16 1.1 Orsat Apparatus Construction 16 1.20 Boys Gas Calorimeter 19 1.1 Working 20 Summary for Quick Revision · Multiple-choice Questions · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 2 Properties of Steam 51 2.2 Constant Pressure Formation of Steam 51 2.3 Properties of Steam 52 2.5 Temperature−Entropy Diagram for Water and Steam 55 2.6 Enthalpy−Entropy or Mollier Diagram of Steam 56 2.7 Various Processes for Steam 57 2.1 Constant Volume Process 57 2.2 Constant Pressure Process 58 2.5 Reversible Adiabatic or Isentropic Process 60 2.8 Determination of Dryness Fraction of Steam 62 www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 10 6/20/2018 9:29:14 AM xi Contents 2.4 Combined Separating and Throttling Calorimeter 66 Summary for Quick Revision · Multiple-choice Questions · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 3 Steam Generators 87 3.2 Classification of Steam Generators 87 3.3 Comparison of Fire Tube and Water Tube Boilers 88 3.4 Requirements of a Good Boiler 89 3.5 Factors Affecting Boiler Selection 89 3.6 Description of Boilers 89 3.1 Fire Tube Boilers 89 3.2 Water Tube Boilers 93 3.7 High Pressure Boilers 94 3.2 Advantages of Forced Circulation Boilers 95 3.6 Schmidt-Hartmann Boiler 98 3.8 Once-through Boiler 99 3.1 Mechanism of Separation of Moisture in Drum 100 3.10 Fluidised Bed Boiler 102 3.1 Bubbling Fluidised Bed Boiler (BFBB) 102 3.2 Advantages of BFBB 103 3.1 Water Level Indicator 104 3.3 Steam Stop Valve 105 3.4 Feed Check Valve 105 3.5 Blow-Down Cock 106 3.8 High Steam and Low Water Safety Valve 108 3.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 11 6/20/2018 9:29:14 AM xii Contents 3.1 Variable Pressure Accumulator 113 3.2 Constant Pressure Accumulator 114 3.14 Performance of Steam Generator 115 3.3 Boiler Thermal Efficiency 116 3.4 Heat Losses in a Boiler Plant 116 3.5 Boiler Trial and Heat Balance Sheet 117 3.15 Steam Generator Control 130 3.1 Classification of Draught 136 3.3 Height and Diameter of Chimney 137 3.4 Condition for Maximum Discharge Through Chimney 138 3.5 Efficiency of Chimney 139 3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Draught 140 3.9 Comparison of Forced and Induced Draughts 142 3.10 Comparison of Mechanical and Natural Draughts 142 3.12 Steam Jet Draught 143 Summary for Quick Revision · Multiple-choice Questions · Explanatory Notes · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 4 Steam Power Cycles 161 4.2 Carnot Vapour Cycle 161 4.1 Drawbacks of Carnot Cycle 163 4.1 Analysis of Rankine Cycle 166 4.2 Effect of Boiler and Condenser Pressure 168 4.4 Methods of Improving Efficiency 170 4.2 Effect of Pressure Drop in the Reheater 171 4.1 Regenerative Cycle with Open Heaters 176 4.2 Regenerative Cycle with Closed Heaters 177 4.6 Reheat-Regenerative Cycle 182 4.7 Properties of an Ideal Working Fluid 183 www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 12 6/20/2018 9:29:14 AM xiii Contents 4.8 Binary Vapour Cycles 184 4.9 Combined Power and Heating Cycle-Cogeneration 187 Summary for Quick Revision · Multiple-choice Questions · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 5 Steam Engines 214 5.2 Classification of Steam Engines 214 5.3 Constructional Features of a Steam Engine 215 5.1 Steam Engine Parts 216 5.4 Terminology Used in Steam Engine 217 5.5 Working of a Steam Engine 218 5.7 Modified Rankine Cycle 221 5.8 Hypothetical or Theoretical Indicator Diagram 222 5.9 Actual Indicator Diagram 223 5.10 Mean Effective Pressure 224 5.3 With Clearance and Compression 227 5.4 With Clearance and Polytropic Expansion and Compression 228 5.11 Power Developed and Efficiencies 230 5.3 Efficiencies of Steam Engine 232 5.12 Governing of Steam Engines 232 5.13 Saturation Curve and Missing Quantity 243 5.14 Heat Balance Sheet 244 5.15 Performance Curves 246 Summary for Quick Revision · Multiple-choice Questions · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 6 Flow Through Steam Nozzles 253 6.3 Velocity of Flow of Steam Through Nozzles 254 6.1 Flow of Steam Through the Nozzle 255 6.4 Mass Flow Rate of Steam 255 6.5 Critical Pressure Ratio 256 6.7 Effect of Friction on Expansion of Steam 258 www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 13 6/20/2018 9:29:14 AM xiv Contents 6.9 Supersaturated or Metastable Flow Through a Nozzle 260 6.10 Isentropic, One-Dimensional Steady Flow Through a Nozzle 269 6.1 Relationship between Actual and Stagnation Properties 270 6.11 Mass Rate of Flow Through an Isentropic Nozzle 273 6.1 Effect of Varying the Back Pressure on Mass Flow Rate 274 6.12 Normal Shock in an Ideal Gas Flowing Through a Nozzle 277 Summary for Quick Revision · Multiple-choice Questions · Explanatory Notes · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 7 Steam Turbines 316 7.1 Principle of Operation of Steam Turbines 316 7.2 Classification of Steam Turbines 316 7.3 Comparison of Impulse and Reaction Turbines 318 7.4 Compounding of Impulse Turbines 319 7.5 Velocity Diagrams for Impulse Steam Turbine 321 7.1 Condition for Maximum Blade Efficiency 324 7.2 Maximum Work Done 325 7.3 Velocity Diagrams for Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine 325 7.4 Effect of Blade Friction on Velocity Diagrams 327 7.5 Impulse Turbine with Several Blade Rings 328 7.6 Advantages and Limitations of Velocity Compounding 329 7.7 Velocity Diagrams for Impulse-Reaction Turbine 330 7.9 Losses in Steam Turbines 335 7.11 Governing of Steam Turbines 336 7.13 Back Pressure Turbine 339 7.14 Pass Out or Extraction Turbine 340 7.16 Erosion of Steam Turbine Blades 355 Summary for Quick Revision · Multiple-choice Questions · Explanatory Notes · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 8 Steam Condensers 386 8.2 Functions of a Condenser 386 www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 14 6/20/2018 9:29:14 AM xv Contents 8.3 Elements of Steam Condensing Plant 387 8.4 Types of Steam Condensers 388 8.5 Requirements of Modern Surface Condensers 393 8.6 Comparison of Jet and Surface Condensers 393 8.8 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 395 8.9 Mass of Cooling Water Required in a Condenser 396 8.10 Air Removal from the Condenser 397 8.1 Sources of Air Infiltration in Condenser 397 8.2 Effects of Air Infiltration in Condensers 397 8.1 Edward’s Air Pump 398 8.14 Cooling Tower 399 Summary for Quick Revision · Multiple-choice Questions · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 9 Gas Power Cycles 423 9.2 Piston-cylinder Arrangement 423 9.11 Comparison Between Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles 438 Fill in the Blanks · Answers · True or False · Answers · Multiple- choice Questions · Review Questions · Exercises · Answers to Multiple-choice Questions Chapter 10 Internal Combustion Engine Systems 485 10.2 Classification of Internal Combustion Engines 485 10.3 Construction Features 487 www.com A01_THERMAL ENGINEERING_SE_XXXX_A01.indd 15 6/20/2018 9:29:15 AM xvi Contents 10.4 Working of IC Engines 489 10.1 Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine 489 10.2 Four-stroke Compression-ignition Engine 490 10.3 Two-stroke Spark-ignition Engine 491 10.4 Two-stroke Compression-ignition Engine 491 10.5 Comparison of Four-stroke and Two-stroke Engines 492 10.6 Comparison of SI and CI Engines 493 10.7 Merits and Demerits of Two-stroke Engines Over Four-stroke Engines 494 10.8 Valve Timing Diagrams 495 10.1 Four-stroke SI Engine 495 10.2 Four-stroke CI Engine 495 10.3 Two-stroke SI Engine 495 10.4 Two-stroke CI Engine 497 10.10 Applications of IC Engines 499 10.11 Theoretical and Actual p-v Diagrams 500 10.1 Four-stroke Petrol Engine 500 10.2 Four-stroke Diesel Engine 501 10.3 Two-stroke Petrol Engine 503 10.4 Two-stroke Diesel Engine 504 10.3 Theory of Simple Carburettor 507 10.4 Limitations of Single Jet Carburettor 510 10.5 Different Devices Used to Meet the Requirements of an Ideal Carburettor 511 10.13 Fuel Injection Systems in SI Engines 527 10.1 Continuous Port Injection System (Lucas Mechanical Petrol Injection System) 527 10.2 Electronic Fuel Injection System 528 10.3 Rotary Gate Meter Fuel Injection System 530 10.14 Fuel Injection in CI Engines 531 10.1 Types of Injection Systems 531 10.2 Design of Fuel Nozzle 535 10.1 Requirement of Ignition System 540 10.16 Combustion in IC Engines 552 10.