Xử Lý Nợ Xấu Tại Các Ngân Hàng Thương Mại Việt Nam: Tình Hình Thực Tế và Giải Pháp

Tài liệu nghiên cứu Handling bad debts in vietnamese commercial banks the real situation and solutions graduation thesis, tổng hợp lý thuyết và thực hành, cung cấp kiến thức

• Tác giả: Vu Thi Hong
• Người hướng dẫn: MA. Ngo Tung Anh
• Trường học: State Bank of Vietnam Banking Academy
• Chuyên ngành: Foreign Language
• Đề tài: Handling Bad Debts In Vietnamese Commercial Banks: The Real Situation And Solutions
• Loại tài liệu: graduation thesis
• Năm xuất bản: 2013
• Địa điểm: Hanoi

Mục lục chi tiết

• DEDICATION
• ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• ABSTRACT
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
• INTRODUCTION
• 1. CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• 1.1. Non-performing loans
• 1.1.1. Definition
• 1.1.2. The causes of non-performing loans
• 1.1.2.1. Objective causes
• 1.1.2.2. Subjective causes
• 1.1.2.2.1. From the customers
• 1.1.2.2.1.1. Individual customers
• 1.1.2.2.1.2. Enterprise customers
• 1.1.2.2.2. From the bank
• 1.1.3. The signs to identify non-performing loans
• 1.2. Theory of bad debt management in commercial banks
• 1.2.1. The concept of bad debt management
• 1.2.2. The objectives and the importance of bad debt management
• 2. CHAPTER 2: THE REAL SITUATION AND THE PROCESS OF HANDLING BAD DEBTS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS
• 2.1. Overview of Vietnam’s banking system
• 2.2. The increase of bad debts in commercial banks in recent years
• 2.3. The causes of the increasing bad debt rate
• 2.4. The government and banks’ efforts in handling bad debts in recent years
• 2.4.1. Loan classification and loan loss provision
• 2.4.2. Establishing Vietnam Asset Management Company (VAMC)
• 2.4.3. Strengthening commercial banks’ credit policies
• 3. CHAPTER 3: SOLUTIONS TO HANDLE BAD DEBTS
• 3.1. Solutions from the government and the SBV
• 3.2. Solutions from commercial banks and enterprises
• CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Tóm tắt

I. Tổng Quan Về Giải Pháp Xử Lý Nợ Xấu Tại Ngân Hàng Thương Mại

Nợ xấu là một trong những vấn đề nghiêm trọng nhất mà các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam đang phải đối mặt. Tình trạng này không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến hoạt động của ngân hàng mà còn tác động tiêu cực đến nền kinh tế. Việc xử lý nợ xấu hiệu quả là cần thiết để đảm bảo sự ổn định và phát triển bền vững của hệ thống tài chính. Các giải pháp xử lý nợ xấu cần được triển khai đồng bộ và hiệu quả.

1.1. Định Nghĩa Nợ Xấu Và Tác Động Đến Ngân Hàng

Nợ xấu được định nghĩa là các khoản vay mà khách hàng không thể trả nợ đúng hạn. Tình trạng này gây ra nhiều hệ lụy cho ngân hàng, bao gồm giảm lợi nhuận và tăng rủi ro tài chính.

1.2. Tình Hình Nợ Xấu Tại Các Ngân Hàng Thương Mại Việt Nam

Trong những năm gần đây, tỷ lệ nợ xấu tại các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam đã tăng cao, gây ra nhiều khó khăn cho hoạt động tín dụng và ảnh hưởng đến sự phát triển của nền kinh tế.

II. Vấn Đề Nợ Xấu Tại Ngân Hàng Thương Mại Việt Nam

Nợ xấu không chỉ là vấn đề của riêng ngân hàng mà còn là thách thức lớn đối với nền kinh tế. Các nguyên nhân dẫn đến nợ xấu bao gồm sự suy giảm kinh tế, quản lý kém và các yếu tố chủ quan từ khách hàng. Việc nhận diện và phân tích nguyên nhân là bước đầu tiên trong việc tìm kiếm giải pháp.

2.1. Nguyên Nhân Dẫn Đến Tình Trạng Nợ Xấu

Các nguyên nhân chủ yếu dẫn đến nợ xấu bao gồm sự biến động của nền kinh tế, chính sách tín dụng không hợp lý và sự thiếu sót trong quản lý rủi ro của ngân hàng.

2.2. Hệ Lụy Của Nợ Xấu Đối Với Ngân Hàng

Nợ xấu làm giảm khả năng sinh lời của ngân hàng, ảnh hưởng đến uy tín và khả năng thanh khoản, từ đó gây ra những khó khăn trong việc huy động vốn.

III. Phương Pháp Xử Lý Nợ Xấu Hiệu Quả Tại Ngân Hàng

Để xử lý nợ xấu, các ngân hàng cần áp dụng nhiều phương pháp khác nhau, từ việc phân loại nợ đến việc tái cấu trúc khoản vay. Các giải pháp này cần được thực hiện một cách đồng bộ và có sự phối hợp chặt chẽ giữa các bên liên quan.

3.1. Phân Loại Nợ Và Dự Phòng Rủi Ro

Phân loại nợ là bước quan trọng trong việc quản lý nợ xấu. Ngân hàng cần xác định rõ các khoản nợ nào là nợ xấu và lập dự phòng rủi ro phù hợp.

3.2. Tái Cấu Trúc Khoản Vay Để Giảm Nợ Xấu

Tái cấu trúc khoản vay giúp khách hàng có thể trả nợ dễ dàng hơn, từ đó giảm tỷ lệ nợ xấu. Ngân hàng cần linh hoạt trong việc điều chỉnh các điều khoản vay.

IV. Ứng Dụng Thực Tiễn Của Các Giải Pháp Xử Lý Nợ Xấu

Việc áp dụng các giải pháp xử lý nợ xấu không chỉ giúp ngân hàng cải thiện tình hình tài chính mà còn góp phần ổn định nền kinh tế. Các ngân hàng cần chia sẻ kinh nghiệm và học hỏi từ những mô hình thành công trong và ngoài nước.

4.1. Kinh Nghiệm Từ Các Ngân Hàng Thành Công

Nhiều ngân hàng trong khu vực đã áp dụng thành công các giải pháp xử lý nợ xấu, từ đó rút ra bài học quý giá cho các ngân hàng Việt Nam.

4.2. Đánh Giá Hiệu Quả Của Các Giải Pháp

Đánh giá hiệu quả của các giải pháp xử lý nợ xấu là cần thiết để điều chỉnh và cải thiện các chính sách trong tương lai.

V. Kết Luận Về Giải Pháp Xử Lý Nợ Xấu Tại Ngân Hàng

Giải pháp xử lý nợ xấu tại các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam cần được thực hiện một cách đồng bộ và hiệu quả. Sự phối hợp giữa các ngân hàng, chính phủ và các cơ quan liên quan là rất quan trọng để đạt được kết quả tốt nhất.

5.1. Tương Lai Của Ngành Ngân Hàng Trong Việc Xử Lý Nợ Xấu

Ngành ngân hàng cần có những bước đi mạnh mẽ hơn trong việc xử lý nợ xấu, từ đó đảm bảo sự phát triển bền vững cho nền kinh tế.

5.2. Khuyến Nghị Đối Với Các Ngân Hàng

Các ngân hàng cần cải thiện quy trình quản lý nợ xấu và tăng cường đào tạo nhân viên để nâng cao hiệu quả xử lý nợ xấu.

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING ACADEMY Foreign Language Faculty -----*****----- GRADUATION THESIS HANDLING BAD DEBTS IN VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS: THE REAL SITUATION AND SOLUTIONS Student: Vu Thi Hong The Class: ATCB_ K12 Supervisor: Ngo Tung Anh (MA) Hanoi, 24 th May, 2013 Student V Graduation Thesis 2013 DEDICATION I dedicate this graduation thesis To my family And To the Hanoi Banking Academy Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 2 Graduation Thesis 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor, MA. Ngo Tung Anh for his valuable advice and comments throughout the duration of this work. I would also like to express my profound gratitude to my parents and my elder brother for their encouragement. Finally, I would like to give my special thanks to Mr.

Pham Thanh Tuan for his supports during my internship in Ho Chi Minh City Development Joint Stock Commercial Bank. Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 3 Graduation Thesis 2013 ABSTRACT The thesis is aimed at representing theoretical background relating to non-performing loans (or bad debts) and bad debt management in Vietnamese commercial banks and analyzing the current situation of bad debts, simultaneously assessing the efforts of involved parties in handling bad debts over the past few years. From the above analysis, the thesis tries to give specific solutions to deal with this problem. The theory section mentions two main contents that are theoretical framework of bad debts and the theory of bad debt management in commercial banks.

The theory section not only clarifies the definition and causes of bad debts but also shows the methodology to manage bad debts effectively. It also suggests that the cooperation between the government’s policies and commercial banks’ healthy credit policy should be the important factor to reduce bad debts. From 2008 up to now, the volume of bad debts has continuously increased with a remarkable speed, which results in a great number of difficulties in the economy. To deal with this problem, the government and the SBV have cooperated with commercial banks to implement many solutions in different aspects such as: making loan classification and loan loss provision, strengthening credit policy, and planning to establish a national asset management company.

However, these solutions have not yielded desirable results yet. The thesis also suggests that only when the government, the SBV and commercial banks are fully aware of real causes of bad debts and courageously face with them and then have drastic solutions will bad debts be thoroughly addressed. Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 4 Graduation Thesis 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES. 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 9 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. Non-performing loans.

The causes of non-performing loans. The signs to identify non-performing loans:. Theory of bad debt management in commercial banks. The concept of bad debt management.

The objectives and the importance of bad debt management. The content and process of bad debt management (Figure 1. 18 CHAPTER 2: THE REAL SITUATION AND THE PROCESS OF HANDLING BAD DEBTS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS. Overview of Vietnam’s banking system.

The increase of bad debts in commercial banks in recent years. The causes of the increasing bad debt rate. The government and banks’ efforts in handling bad debts in recent years ………………………………………………………………………………. Loan classification and loan loss provision.

Establishing Vietnam Asset Management Company (VAMC). Strengthening commercial banks’ credit policies. 45 Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 5 Graduation Thesis 2013 2. 45 CHAPTER 3: SOLUTIONS TO HANDLE BAD DEBTS.

Solutions from the government and the SBV. Solutions from commercial banks and enterprises. 59 Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 6 Graduation Thesis 2013 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Loan classification by the quantitative method………………………….2: Loan classification by the qualitative method…………………………….3: Rate of specific provisions for debts………………………………………23 Table 2.1: The decrease of bad debts………………………………………………….2: The Internal Credit Rating System of Vietcombank…………………….40 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The process of bad debt management…………………………………….1: Proportion of credit institutions’ assets………………………………….2: The rate of bad debts (2008-2012)……………………………………….3: The rate of bad debts in some commercial banks in 2012……………….4: The number of bad debts in some commercial banks in 2012……………33 Figure 2.5: The proportion of bad debts based on industry groups………………….35 Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 7 Graduation Thesis 2013 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Explanations SBV State Bank of Vietnam USD United States Dollar VND Vietnamese Dong NPL Non-performing Loans Decision 493 Decision No. 493/2005/QD-NHNN by SBV Decision 18 Decision No.

18/2007/QD-NHNN by SBV amended Decision No. 493/2005/QD-NHNN Vietcombank Joint-Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam Vietinbank Vietnam Bank for Industry and Trade BIDV Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam SHB Saigon Hanoi Commercial Joint Stock Bank Baovietbank Bao Viet Joint Stock Commercial Bank Agribank Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development GDP Gross Domestic Product SCBs State Commercial Banks US United States EU Europe Union VAMC Vietnam Assets Management Company AMCs Assets Management Companies ICRS Internal Credit Rating System Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 8 Graduation Thesis 2013 INTRODUCTION Current problem statement Over the past few years, the economic crisis all over the world in general and in Vietnam in particular have been significantly affecting all economic entities in the economy, especially the banking industry. The problem of bad debts or non-performing loans has continually constituted a great threat to credit institutions. Although many efforts to tackle with bad debts have been made, only few of them yielded desirable results.

The volume of bad debts reduced moderately, which has caused a large number of disadvantages for the economy. Therefore, a pressing problem now is how to deal with bad debts and make banking activities healthier. That is the reason why I have decided to choose the topic: “Handling bad debts in Vietnamese commercial banks: the real situation and solutions” for my graduation thesis. Aims of the study The study is aimed at clarifying the real situation of bad debts in commercial banks recently after presenting theoretical background of bad debts, critically analyzing attempts of the government and commercial banks in handling bad debts, thereby proposing solutions to deal with this issue.

Research questions What are non-performing loan and its causes? What should commercial banks do to well manage non-performing loans? What is the real situation of bad debts now? What have commercial banks recently done to handle bad debts? How to reduce bad debts and improve bad debts management? Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 9 Graduation Thesis 2013 Scope of the study The thesis focuses on studying the problem of bad debts and attempts of the government and commercial banks to deal with bad debts on both theoretical and practical aspects from 2008 up to now. Methodology and Data of the study - Quantitative research method focuses on the collection and analysis of numerical data and statistics. - Description based on secondary data: the thesis mainly uses data which are publicly announced on websites of the SBV and some commercial banks. - Meta-analysis method: based on collected data, the thesis analyses and gives conclusions for the research work.

Structure of the thesis Introduction Chapter 1: Theoretical framework. This chapter focuses on explaining the definition of bad debt, its causes, signs to identify bad debts, and the concept of bad debt management in commercial banks. Chapter 2: The real situation and the process of handling bad debts in commercial banks. This chapter mentions the situation of the continuous increase in bad debts of commercial banks and how commercial banks and other involved parties deal with this.

Chapter 3: Solutions to handle bad debts. The main content of the chapter is proposing solutions accordance with real causes of bad debts to improve the situation. Conclusion and recommendations Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 10 Graduation Thesis 2013 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Non-performing loans 1.

Definition Non-performing loans (or bad debts), under the decision 493/2005 promulgated by the Governor of the State Bank of Vietnam, include loans which are classified into group 3 (sub-standard), group 4 (doubtful), and group 5 (loss). In general, non-performing loans include some following basic characteristics: - Customers cannot fulfil their repayment obligation at the due date. - Customer’s financial status is getting worse and the bank might not be able to recover the loan as well as interest. - Regarding time, these loans are normally overdue at least 90 days.

The causes of non-performing loans Non-performing loans (NPLs) often arise due to some following causes: Objective causes: Firstly, it is due to the unstable macro-economic environment. It is widely believed that customers’ business operations are greatly influenced by the economic environment. As a result of this fact, a stable and healthy economic environment will boost the effectiveness of customers’ operations accompanied with an ample cash flow, so it is easier for customers to fulfil their commitments under the loan contracts. In the contrary, in the economic recession and crisis, the purchasing power and solvency of all entities fall due to the decrease in income and net profit.

Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 11 Graduation Thesis 2013 Secondly, bad debts also stem from inappropriate macro-economic policies. Macroeconomic policies such as monetary and fiscal policies play a key role in creating a favorable business environment for enterprises. For example, in terms of monetary policy, supporting policies as reducing lending interest rate and tax cuts help economic entities maintain and promote their operations. However, it is necessary to consider all situations to make an appropriate policy.

If not, it will drive the economic environment chaotic and unstable. Thirdly, bad debts are resulted from the inevitable risk of financial liberalization and global integration. Financial liberalization is an essential condition to promote economic development. On the one hand, it is an opportunity for economic, political and cultural cooperation with many countries all over the world, but on the other hand it creates many threats to domestic economy.

In other words, financial liberalization and global integration make domestic enterprises operate in a higher competitive and selective environment. If they are not able to meet the market requirement, they easily fall into loss and insolvency. That is the reason of increasing NPL portfolio in banks. Finally, it is due to unforeseen causes such as: disasters, floods, epidemic… or the so- called force majeure which are out of banks’ control.

Subjective causes: *) From the customers,  Individual customers : Most of individual customers borrow money for consumption; and the source to repay loans is from monthly income. It means that any factor influencing this income is the cause of bad debts. There are some possible causes as follows: Student Vu Thi Hong The_ATCBK12 Page 12 Graduation Thesis 2013 - Customers are suddenly sacked off, leading the expected monthly income increases. - Customers or their family members suffer from unexpected incidents like diseases or death.

- Customers could not estimate unexpectedly arising expenses. - Customers intentionally swindle banks by making fake documents. - Customers intentionally delay in repaying the principal and interest with the purpose to appropriate banks’ funds. - …  Enterprise customers: The root factor causing bad debts from enterprises is ineffective operation.

The ineffectiveness may be as a result of some reasons as follows: Firstly, the business managing capacity of the board of directors is not good enough. For instance, if the directors could not fortune the fluctuation of the market, they easily have an infeasible business plan in which materials, outputs, and selling price are not calculated reasonably. Consequently, enterprises face with the big number of unsold products and have no money to repay loans as their commitment. Secondly, the financial status of companies already contains many risks.

If companies have an unbalanced financial structure which mainly uses borrowed funds instead of owner’s equity to finance their business activities, the income from those activities may not be sufficient enough to compensate for high cost of borrowing money.