VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY KHIN PHYU SIN COMPRESSIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT CLAYS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY KHIN PHYU SIN COMPRESSIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT CLAYS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: 8900201.04 QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr. NGUYEN TIEN DUNG Hanoi, 2022 PLEDGE Ihave read and understood the plagiarism violations. I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-DHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University). AUTHOR OF THE THESIS Khin Phyu Sin ABSTRACT Together with the development, requirement of rigorous foundation designs plays a vital role in the construction of sustainable infrastructure structure system in Song Hong or Red River Delta (RRD) as it is the hub of various economic activities.
Therefore, a comprehensive understanding about compressibility characteristics of soft clays from RRD not only could prevent geotechnical engineering problems but also could extend the benefit of structural designs in both economical and safety point of views. This study mainly focuses on the determination of coefficient of consolidation with vertical and horizontal drainage directions as those parameters are highly essential for the ground improvement works using PVDs. For this, laboratory tests and CPTu tests at four study sites in the delta were carried out to study the characteristics. Eight methods for determining coefficient of consolidation with a peripheral drain (c;,pp) and that with a central drain (c,,cp) were reviewed and applied to the samples from the four test sites.
Analysis results indicate that the non-graphical method results in the highest reliability whereas the Log-log and Steepest tangent methods result in the poorest reliability. Based on the analysis results from consolidation test samples obtained from different geological locations in RRD, the ratio of c;,pp /cr,cp of intact and remolded samples varies from 0. The experimental ratio c;.pp /cr,cp Value of intact samples is smaller than that from analytical solution (for n = 2.0 and this is mainly attributed to the influence of drainage length of soil in two drainage types. Numerical analysis results of consolidation tests (n = 2.21) show that c;,pp /c;,cp ratio value on average is similar to those experimentally obtained from the intact samples and the ratio varies significantly with the variation of n value.
The preconsolidation stress obtained from consolidation test and from CPTu-based correlation for the test sites indicate that the soft clays in the delta are predominantly low plasticity normally consolidated (NC). Additionally, correlations of C.1208 can be suggested for the clays in the delta. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, the author would like to give her special gratitude to the JAIF scholarship for giving an opportunity to have such a kind of great learning experience in VJU, especially in MCE. Furthermore, the author deeply indebted to Prof.
Nguyen Dinh Duc (MCE Director), Prof. Hironori Kato (MCE co-director), Dr. Nguyen Tien Dung (MCE coordinator), Assoc. Takeda Shinichi (MCE JICA expert), and Dr.
Nguyen Ngoc Vinh (MCE lecturer) for their kind supports, guidance, and recommendations in various aspects including during the lecture time and research period. Moreover, I’m gratefully recognized the help and supports from Ms. Hoa Bui (MCE program assistant), Mr. Bui Hoang Tan (MCE Lab Technical) and Ms.
Pham Lan Huong (temporary program assistant). Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Nguyen Tien Dung (MCE coordinator) for his patient and enthusiastic supports, specific advice and guidance on every step of performing the research works. Additionally, very special thanks to my supervisor and his company (FECON) for letting me to apply the data from the study sites.
TABLE OF CONTENTS IS09) 390. i LIST OF FIGURES 00. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATTIONS.-- HH HH HH HH HH HH HH it vỉ CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION wad In cổ.3 Necessity Of the StUYy.-ó- Làng TH TH TH HH 4 I 90).
Scope of the study. Outline and structure Of the tH€SIS .- c6 121121191 91 1191 1 1 11v ng rry 5 I8 9)0)0 00 ÔÔÔÔ0Ối0i. Structure Of the tÏi€S1S. -ó- 6 1x11 TT TH TH TH HH ch Hà Hành re 6 CHAPTER 2.
Án HH TH HH HH, 8 2. Geographical conditions of the RRD. Geological conditions of the RRD .--¿- ¿(6+ 1S ST HH HH gi, 9 P6000 0n. Three stages of deformation in accordance with time during consolidation PTOCESS.
Standardized methods to determine vertical coefficient of consolidation, cy. Methods to determine radial or horizontal coefficient of consolidation for central 61i8(08)021,x. Methods to determine radial or horizontal coefficient of consolidation for peripheral 6 18039)841. Literature review about the DreVIOUS StUỦYy.
óc St Sirekerrrrrerrke 27 CHAPTER 3.-- + 4k1 TH HT HT HH HH He 31 3. Collecting required information about the geography and geological condition of 31 3. Collecting required dafa from the study SIf€S. Analyzing the data (radial or horizontal coefficlent of consolidation, e;pp øz cp).
Orientation of the methods used in this study for the determiation of radial or horizontal cefficient of Consolidation, CrPD or CD sssssssssssesscessseesscesscessecessccssecescesseessecesees 32 3. Ranking the methods. Evaluation of the correlation between cz¿cp and €;,pjo. Finding influent facts that cause the correlation between c,,pp and c;,cp is not QUAL CO OTI€.
6 c2 211211231 1 1 1121 11 1T Tá HT TH TT HT TH TH TH HT Hà 36 3. Analyzing the data (Coefficient of vertical consolidation, éy). Evaluation of op, OCR, Co, Cr cescescscsseseeseeseneeseeseeeeeeeseeseeeeees CHAPTER 4. STUDY SITES AND ANALYSIS RESULTS A2.
DVZ site and field tesf DFOØTAI.- óc 121191191 919111 91 1v ng ng ren 4. VSIP site and field fesf pTOBTATH. KC site and field test pTOBTATN. --- ¿- ¿<1 S121 TT TH ngư, 4.
TPP site and field program. S1 nH TH TH TT TT TH TT HH 4. Soil profiles from the fOur s{udy SIf€S. CPTu-based sOIÏ DFOfiÏeS .--¿- «6 + 111 1S H12 TH TH TH HH nghiệt 4.
Analysis results of ranking the eight methods used for c;,cp (or cr,pp) determinations 4. Results of R? and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for intact samples. Results of R? and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for remolded samples. Evaluation of correlation between Cy,cp ANd Cy PD.
Correlation between cz,cp and c;,pp (Intact sampÏ€S). Correlation between c;,cp and c;,pp (Remolded samples). Conclusion for the Correlation between C;,cp ANd Cp PD. Finding influent facts that cause the correlation between c;,pp and c;,cp is not cà 10: 0 TT.
Evaluation of correlation between €z¿Cp ad C. Correlation between c;,cp and c, (Intact samples) 4. Correlation between c;,cp and c, (Remolded samples) 4. Conclusion for the Correlation between c:,cb and Cy.
Evaluation of correlation betWeen cz,pb afN €ụ. Correlation between c;pp and c¿ (Intact sampÏ€S). Correlation between c;,pp and cy (Remolded samples). Conclusion for the Correlation between c:,pb and Cy.
Evaluaion of preconsolidation pressure (op'), compression index (C,), recompression indexes (C;), and overconsolidtion ration (Q΄). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Recommendations PUBLISHED PAPERS IN PROCEEDINGS.- -- -- c2 Sc 2< S2 ssereseskee 85 REERENCES. G22 12112111 111112 11 11 11 1111 T1 T1 HH To TH HT HH TH HH t 86 APPENDIX 02 e.
89 LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Standardized methods to determine vertical coefficient of consolidation, 1 ÔÔÖÔÖ. Existing methods for the determiation of c; from radial consolidatin test with a CD using incremental Ìoading. Existing methods for the determiation of c, from radial consolidatin test with a PD using incremental ÏOad1ng.- --- + s63 S*E*tE#EvEEeEeEerekeeeeeerkrrkreerke 21 Table 2.
Soil terminology applied to stress history, FHWQ-NHI-16-072 , 2017). Differences between previous study and present study. Input parmaeters used in ÑNumerical anaÏyS1S. Summary table for the number of intact samples from four study sites.
Summary table for the number of remolded samples from four study sites48 Table 4. c,,cp results obtained from sample no. 8 of KC site. c;po results obtained from sample no.
8 of KC site. Summary table for the results of R? and RMSE values for intact samples (004. Summary table for the results of R2 and RMSE values for intact samples in. Summary table for the ranked results of the eight methods (Intact 0 ốốốốốốốốốốốố ốố.
Summary table for the results of R? and RMSE values for remolded samples (004. Summary table for the results of R? and RMSE values for remolded samples in. Summary table for the ranked results of the eight methods (Remolded 0 ốốốốốốốốốố ốố ẻ. Summary table for the correlation results between c,,pp and c;,cp for the D408n10001098600r108100)0)153 00108.
Summary table for the correlation results between c,,pp and c;,cp for the eight methods (Remoded saImpÏ€S). --- ¿+ E39 E*tE#EEvEEeEekEerekeskrkerkrrkreerke 74 Table 4. Summary table for the correlation results between c;,pp and c;,cp by using Root t method based on the data obtained from PLAXIS software (10k kPa pressure 0 ốốốốốốố ốốốốốốốố e. Variation in c;,cp and c;,pp/c;,cp results based on different n vaules (10 0.
Summary table for the correlation results between c;,cp and cy with the two standardized method (Intact samples). Summary table for the correlation results between c;,cp and cy with the two standardized method (Remolded samples). Summary table for the correlation results between c;,pp and cy with the two standardized method (Intact samples). Summary table for the correlation results between c;,pp and cy with the two standardized method (Remolded samples).
Summary table for the number of intact samples available to determine Op', C;, Co, and OCR from four Study Sites. Summary table for the results of o,', C;, C., and OCR from four study SUEOS --“---+1iAa. 95 1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Dissipation of excess pore water in both horizontal and vertical direction by installing PVD in underlying soft clays ÏaY€T .- 5 6S St SsEsreeersrrsrrrseree 2 Figure 1.
Settlements problems found in a construction site from Hai Phong city owing to the overestimation or underestimation effect of c; vaÏues. Flow chart shows the outline of the thesis (a) general framework of the reseach; (b) flow of the analyS1S SECDS. (a) Topological zoning of the RRD; (b) Three main sectord of RRD zoing according to the origins oŸ its formation (Phach et al. Cross section showing the five depositional Quaternary sediments from Hanol city area in north-east to south-Wesf đir€CfÏO.--- «St ssererskerrske 10 Figure 2.
Alluvial delta plain with four paleoshorelines with ages of 3—2.1 Ka belonging to the highstand systems tract (amhHSTQ,?— 3) from Yen et al. Location of the seven cores (Tanabe et al., 2006 modified after Tanabe et P2050. Spring-cylinder model for consolidation in saturated clays or spring and piston analogy 1lustrating the principle of 1D consolidation (Das, 2010). Time-deformation plot during consolidation under a given load incrment 0.
Idealized curve of e-log (o’p) from oedometer test for determining compression index (after Mayne et al. First-order relationship for preconsolidation stress from net cone resistance in clays, Mayne, 27). Sample collection for radial coefficient of consolidation, C;,pp ør CD. Flow chart shows the orientation of the method that are used in this study.
Flow chart shows the analyzed steps used for the determination of coefficient of I1901:1809)119)1671510100277771 7207757575. Example of time (7) and measured settlement (6,,) data curve for the determination of c;,cp (or cr,pp) from KC site (Non-graphical method). Example of (dn) vs o& graph for 800 kPa pressure range (Non-graphical 00001. Probability density function of a normal random variable with mean (v) and VATIANCE (C7).
Example of c;,cp/c:,pp vs f(x) curve from full-match method (intact sample). Example of c;,cp vs cr,pp curve from full-match method (intact sample). Variation in n values with changes in sandstone dimenSions. Soil model construction in PLAXIS software for PD case.
Figure showing the running stage of consolidation phase in soil model in PLAXIS software (CD case, LŨ kPa, k¿ = 3&y, n = 2.