Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the MSc in Finance FINANCE AND INVESTMENT DISSERTATION ON IMPACTS OF FUNDING DIVERSITY ON PROFITABILITY AND RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOUR AT VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS NGUYEN PHUONG THAO ID No: 23081361 Intake 7 Supervisor: Assoc. Do Thi Kim Hao September 2024 DISSERTATION CONFIRMATION PAGE Student’s name: NGUYEN PHUONG THAO Student number: 23081361 Supervisor’s name: DO THI KIM HAO I, Do Thi Kim Hao, hereby confirm that I have supervised the research and preparation of the student’s dissertation. I have reviewed the content, structure, and methodology used in the Dissertation and found it to be of satisfactory quality I am confident that the Dissertation meets the requirements set forth by the University of the West of England and is ready for examination. Signature of Student and date Signature of Supervisor and date Nguyen Phuong Thao Do Thi Kim Hao ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to my wonderful research supervisor and professor, Assoc.
Do Thi Kim Hao. Her unshakeable devotion to the pursuit of knowledge and her unyielding commitment to academic achievement have been crucial to the successful completion of my master's degree research. Do Thi Kim Hao's extensive knowledge, wise counsel, and exacting academic standards have always encouraged me to pursue the greatest standards of rigour in my research. Additionally, I would like to thank all of the bank staff for their invaluable assistance, inspiration, and support throughout this study project.
Their varied viewpoints and perceptive observations have enhanced the scope and profundity of our research. In addition, I would want to express my gratitude to the Banking Academy teachers and staff for creating a supportive learning atmosphere and offering helpful tools that have made this study possible. Their dedication to cultivating an environment of academic distinction has been very motivating. Finally, but just as importantly, I want to express my thanks to my friends and professors for their steadfast support and patience throughout the difficult stages of this research project.
My resolve has been anchored by your unwavering support. Without the combined assistance, direction, and encouragement of these people and organisations, this study effort would not have been feasible. I will always be very grateful to them for their priceless contributions to my academic career. Master of Science in Finance & Investment Banking Academy Hanoi, 08 September 2024 ABSTRACT The phenomenon of economic integration within the realm of the banking sector exerts considerable influence and fosters heightened competitiveness.
The imperative of diversifying funding streams stands as an inexorable and objective trajectory, serving as a requisite mechanism for bolstering banks' profitability, mitigating risks, and enhancing the competitive standing within the broader financial frameworks. This research examines the impact and relationship between fund diversification of banks on risk-taking behavior and profitability taken into consideration as a conduit. The research used bank-level data from the audited financial reporting of 27 commercial banks in Vietnam economies during the period of 2011–2023. In estimating these equations, this paper employs the Hausman specification test to determine between the fixed effect model and the random effect model.
The research method uses the Fixed Effects Model (FEM) and the Random Effects Model (REM) to provide a robust analytical framework for investigating complex interplays among variables, while effectively addressing concerns related to unobserved heterogeneity and time-invariant characteristics. The research results have shown that as funding diversification increases lead to improve profitability of commercial bank in medium and small capital banking organization. However, it is essential to underscore that the positive impact of funding diversification on operating efficiency is not automatic or guaranteed. In parallel, the examination of the relationship between funding diversification and risk-taking behavior unraveled a complex interplay of factors that can either increase or mitigate profitability.
Keywords: Diversification, fund diversification, bank risk, profitability, Vietnam commercial bank… Table of content CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT .2 Risk of bank .4 Funding diversification and profitability .5 Bank funding diversification and risk of banks. DATA AND EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY .2 Bank fund diversify .5 Capitalization ratio, measured as the ratio of equity to total assets (ETA) .6 Ratio of loans to total assets (LTA) .7 Ratio of Non-performing loan (NPL). EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .2 Impact of bank diverisfy on the profitability .3 Impacts of bank fund diversification on the risk of commercial bank .1 Recommendation for Large-cap banking organization .2 Recommendation for Medium-cap banking organization .3 Recommendation for Small-cap banking organization .4 Recommendation for State bank of Vietnam.
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS. 80 Table of table Table 1: Research variable. 33 Table 2: Ranking the commercial banking in Vietnam with size of bank. 36 Table 3: The descriptive statistics of the variables for large-cap commercial banks.
38 Table 4: The descriptive statistics of the variables for mid-cap commercial banks. 39 Table 5: The descriptive statistics of the variables for small-cap commercial banks. 41 Table 6: Correlation analysis - the pairwise correlation matrix for variables for Large- cap bank. 42 Table 7: Correlation analysis - the pairwise correlation matrix for variables for Medium- cap bank.
43 Table 8: Correlation analysis - the pairwise correlation matrix for variables for Small-cap bank 44 Table 9: VIF test for large-cap, mid-cap and small-cap banks. 45 Table 10: The Hausman test results. 46 Table 11: Heteroskedasticity tests. 48 Table 12: Regression results with fixed effects model Large- cap banking organizations.
49 Table 13: Regression results with fixed effects model - Mid– cap banking organizations. 51 Table 14: Regression results with fixed effects model - Small-cap banking organizations. 52 Table 15: Heteroskedasticity tests. 55 Table 16: Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model – impacts of funding diversification on bank risk.
56 Table 17: Robustness test for large-cap banks. 62 Table 18: Robustness test for mid-cap banks. 62 Table 19: Robustness test for small-cap banks. 62 List of Abbreviations Abbreviation Full Form NPLs Non-Performing Loans ROA Return on Assets ROE Return on Equity CAR Capital Adequacy Ratio ALR Average Lending Rate NIM Net interesr margin EQU Bank’s total equity GOV The bank’s debt from government and central bank IBD The interbank deposits CD Customer deposit DER Derivatives instrument FF Financial debts VP Funding for investment mandate OTHER Other sources of funding LIQDIV Greater funding diversity FEM Fixed Effects Model REM Random Effects Model GLS Generalized Least Squares SBV State Bank of Vietnam VAMC Vietnam Asset Management Company SIZE Size of banking organization LTA Loan to Asset ratio ETA Equity to Asset ratio LDR Loan-to-Deposit Ratio CAPM Capital Asset Pricing Model MPT Modern Portfolio Theory CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION The important principle of modern finance theory is the concept of diversification portfolio.
The riskiness associated with individual assets might eliminated by producing diversify portfolios (Mishkin & Stanley, 2015). A diversified portfolio contains a mix of distinct financial asset types and investment vehicles in an attempt to reduce overal exposure of risky asset (Han & Jimin, 2020). The principle of this phenomenon suggests that spending and investment across several financial assets will reduce the level and impactation of risk in diversify portfolio. Follow with this phenomenon, many banking organizations can reduce the variability by expanding the operation beyond the traditional lending activities such as funding with other sources of fund including variety of non-interest resources such as service charges, trading accounts, fiduciary activities, and letter credit.Moreover, banking organization have subsidiaries such as insurance companies, securities companies, financial service companies lending…to gain diversify profitability beyond interest.
Banks play an important role in managing capital in financial markets in major financial markets, especially important in emerging economies (De Young, 2015). Diversification of funding sources is an important strategy to enhance comprehensive revenues and profittabilty. This strategy support these organizations manage and allocate risks across different business segments and services provided to different stakeholders in overall economy. Having diversify funding sources beyond interest lending might support to avoid plummeted in profitability and operation disruption when the economy encounters recessions or unexpected events occur.
Prior studies have examined the diversification strategy and bank performance such as diversify income source, product and service and geographical diversification (Chen, 2017). Diversification also supports banks in generating more revenue by offering customers a comprehensive range of products and services to customers. Diversification owned competitive advantage by enabling banking organization provide a wider range of products and services than traditional banking organizatios which attract and retain the customers, ultimately driving profitability and brand image of banking organization. However, only a few papers examine the funding sources in banking operations (Vinh, 2020).
Commercial banks are currently pursuing a funding diversification strategy to compensate for the lower income from traditional banking activities (Gambacorta et al, 2014). Besides diversifying funding sources, commercial banks must also maintain efficiency in operation and risk 1 management to enhance profitability. Recent crises have shown the seriousness of the liquidity crunch problems (Khan, 2017). Therefore, policy makers and commercial banks are primarily concerned with ensuring funding certainty to improve the efficiency of the banking system.
Funding diversification increases the security of a bank’s funding by reducing its dependence on one or a few specific funding sources. Also, banks with more diversified funding will be able to hedge several risks and operate more stable, particularly during times of crisis and future uncertain business environments. From 2011 to 2023, the global crisis banking industry reemphasized the importance of operating efficiency in operation and locating capital in global banking organizations. In addition, the scandal of Saigon Commercial Bank in Vietnam raised awareness of efficient operation when bank runs to all depositors and lenders.
Funding diversification improves the security of funding by decreasing the dependence on few specific funding resources. In addition, banking enterprises owned the diversified funding have a higher ability to hedge and reduce risk and be trustable in financial crisis. For instance, the year 2021 is the year beginning the early phase of the financial crisis and its consequence impact on banking organizations that have weak operational and inefficiency diversity portfolios. Depositors have a tendency to withdraw money from the bank which led to a bank run in three small to mid-size banks in the US bank failed, triggering a sharp trend in banking organizations and a swift response by regulators to prevent potential global contagion.
Many banks can reduce these vulnerability threats and risks by improving funding diversification sources. Moreover, diversification can increase bank performance via scope economies (Diamond, 1999). Banks can save on fixed costs by facilitating the spread of several business lines using customer information. Funding diversification improves the higher level of banking performance through the size and scope of economies across different products, assets, and resources of funding.
Banks might save on fixed costs by facilitating the spread of several business lines using customer information and customer preference. A greater business diversity facilitates the collection of proprietary information by bank organization, then reduce the odds of lending credit to risky clients and hence improve a higher level of stability (Berger, 2010). Baele et al.’s study found that diversification reduces bank-specific risk through revenue diversification and increases profitability through improved economies of scale (Baele, 2007). Baela found a non-linear relationship between diversification and bank-specific risk for European banks over the period 1989–2004, which means that banks with better diversification are safer (Baele, 2007) 2 In contrast, another argument holds that fund diversification in banking increases agency problems between corporate insiders and small shareholders (Laeven, 2019), dilutes the comparative advantages of bank management by making managers operate outside expertise (Klein P., 1998), increase the volatility of revenue and therefore profit (Berger, 2010) and can, in an increasingly competitive market, exaggerate costs and consequences for banks that try unsuccessfully to enter a new sector (Yitai, 2020).
In addition, more than exerting its impact directly, diversification sources of funds might meanwhile affect bank stability via its adverse effect on efficiency (Laeven, 2019).