Govern ment Institutes Fundamentals of Occupational SAFETY and HEALTH Fourth Edition Mark A. Friend and James P. Kohn Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health Fourth Edition Mark A. Friend and James P.
Kohn Government Institutes An imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2007 Published in the United States of America by Government Institutes, an imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright 2007 by Government Institutes All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The reader should not rely on this publication to address specific questions that apply to a particular set of facts. The author and the publisher make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the completeness, correctness, or utility of the information in this publication. In addition, the author and the publisher assume no liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon the contents of this book.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Friend, Mark A. Fundamentals of occupational safety and health / Mark A. Friend and James P. paper) ISBN-10: 0-86587-171-X (pbk.
Industrial safety—United States. Industrial hygiene—United States.11—dc22 2006026205 ⬁ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39. Manufactured in the United States of America. To the Eternal Memory of James P.
Kohn Colleague, Teacher, Father, Husband, Friend His legacy is not only the decades of service he gave to the safety and health profession, the many current and future safety professionals who have and will benefit from his work, and the workers whose lives and health he has helped protect, but the many hearts he touched. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Table of Contents. vii List of Figures and Tables. xxi About the Authors.
Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health. Workers’ Compensation and Recordkeeping. Safety-Related Business Laws. Accident Causation and Investigation: Theory and Application.
Introduction to Industrial Hygiene. Ergonomics and Safety Management. Fire Prevention and Protection. Managing the Safety Function.
Psychology and Safety: The Human Element in Loss Prevention. Improving Safety Performance with Behavior-Based Safety. Construction Safety and the Multiemployer Worksite Doctrine. Required Written Programs.
Resources on Safety and Health. 29 CFR 1910—OSHA General Industry Standards Summary and Checklist. 29 CFR 1926—OSHA Construction Standards Summary and Checklist. 463 v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE.
xix ABOUT THE AUTHORS. xxiii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 1 Chapter Objectives. 1 Occupational Safety and Health. 2 Importance of Occupational Safety and Health.
3 Early Historical Examination of Occupational Safety and Health 4 Ancient Greek and Roman Physicians. 4 The European Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution. 5 Terms and Concepts in the Safety Profession. 8 Job Titles of Individuals Performing Occupational Safety and Health Activities.
10 The Safety and Health Professional’s Role and Responsibility. 18 Chapter 2 SAFETY LEGISLATION. 21 Occupational Safety and Health Act. 24 Who Is Covered?.
27 Origin of OSHA Standards. 27 Horizontal and Vertical Standards. 28 Finding the OSHA Act. 28 Specific Requirements of the Act.
29 Employer Responsibilities and Rights. 32 Citations and Penalties. 34 vii viii / Table of Contents Appeals Process. 36 OSHA-Approved State Programs.
38 NIOSH and OSHRC. 41 Chapter 3 WORKERS’ COMPENSATION AND RECORDKEEPING. 43 Early Workers’ Compensation Laws. 43 Modern Workers’ Compensation Laws.
48 Experienced Modification. 49 Who Must Keep Records. 51 OSHA 300, 300A, and 301 Forms. 51 Recordable Occupational Injuries and Illnesses.
51 First Aid Cases. 56 Privacy Concern Cases. 56 Posting Annual Summary Requirements. 58 Chapter 4 SAFETY-RELATED BUSINESS LAWS.
60 Role of the Safety Professional. 64 Table of Contents / ix Product Liability. 65 Product Safety Act. 65 Theories of Product Liability.
73 Chapter 5 ACCIDENT CAUSATION AND INVESTIGATION: THEORY AND APPLICATION. 75 The Concepts of Risk, Incidents, and Accidents. 78 Accident Causation Theories. 82 Single Factor Theory.
83 Heinrich’s Domino Theory. 83 Bird and Loftus’ Domino Theory. 86 Marcum’s Domino Theory. 86 Multiple Causation Accident Theories.
88 Multiple Factors Theory. 88 Systems Theory of Causation. 89 Psychological/Behavioral Accident Causation Theories. 89 Goals Freedom Alertness Theory.
89 Motivation Reward Satisfaction Model. 90 Human Factors Theory. 90 Energy-Related Accident Causation Theories. 91 Energy Release Theory.
99 Chapter 6 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ., CIH, CSP, and Tracy L., CIH, CSP Chapter Objectives. 102 What Is Industrial Hygiene?. 103 What Do We Mean by the ‘‘Art’’ of Industrial Hygiene?. 104 x / Table of Contents What about the Science of Industrial Hygiene?.
105 What Are the Health Hazards That the IH Is Charged with Recognizing, Evaluating, and Controlling?. 105 History of Industrial Hygiene. 107 Routes of Entry. 108 Acute and Chronic Exposures.
110 Classification of Toxic Materials. 111 Toxicity versus Risk. 114 Industrial Hygiene Practice. 124 Chapter 7 ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT.
127 Introduction to Ergonomics. 128 Definition of the Term ‘‘Ergonomics’’. 129 Ergonomics Is Multidisciplinary. 129 Applying Ergonomics: An Overview.
130 Applying Ergonomics: In Detail. 131 Operator-Machine Systems. 135 Classification of Body Movement, Postures, and Positions. 136 Physiological Categories of Movement.
141 Neutral Plane/Deviation. 142 Operational Categories of Movement. 142 Additional Characteristics of the People Variable. 143 Cumulative Trauma Disorders.
143 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. 144 Table of Contents / xi Cubital Tunnel Syndrome. 148 Workplace Layout and Design. 149 Interventions—Manual Material Handling.
151 Interventions—Video Display Terminal Workstation Design. 158 Chapter 8 FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION. 161 Categories of Fires and Extinguishers. 163 National Fire Protection Association.
165 Standards and Codes. 168 DOT Marking System. 173 Fire Case History. 178 Managing the Fire Program.
182 Chapter 9 SYSTEM SAFETY. 183 xii / Table of Contents Definitions. 184 History of System Safety. 186 Importance of System Safety Today.
187 System Life Cycle. 188 Management of System Safety. 191 Implementation Difficulties. 191 Elements of a System-Safety Program Plan (SSPP).
192 Tools and Techniques. 193 Preliminary Hazard Analysis. 193 Subsystem Hazard Analysis. 194 Hazard Analysis Techniques.
195 Technic of Operations Review (TOR). 197 Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP). 198 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). 199 Fault Hazard Analysis (FHA).
200 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). 201 Job Safety Analysis. 202 Reasons for Conducting a JSA. 202 Who Should Conduct JSAs?.
203 Procedures and Various Methods Used to Perform JSAs. 203 Various Methods for Performing JSAs. 204 Selecting the Job. 205 Completing the JSA.
208 Effectively Using a JSA in Loss Prevention. 214 Chapter 10 MANAGING THE SAFETY FUNCTION. 227 Table of Contents / xiii Evaluation of the System. 231 Chapter 11 PSYCHOLOGY AND SAFETY: THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN LOSS PREVENTION.
235 Goal-Directed School. 236 Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy Theory. 236 McClelland’s Need-Achievement Theory. 238 Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory.
241 The Rational Employee: Applying Motivation Theories. 243 Organizational Environment and the Safety Culture. 244 Incentives versus Inherent Reinforcement. 247 Employee Empowerment and Job Enrichment.
250 Chapter 12 IMPROVING SAFETY PERFORMANCE WITH BEHAVIOR- BASED SAFETY. 253 Earl Blair, Ed., CSP Chapter Objectives. 253 Misconceptions about Behavioral Safety. 254 Basic Definitions and Terminology.
256 Principles and Strategies of Behavioral Safety. 257 Common Problems with Safety Efforts. 257 A Process Focusing on Improving Safety Behavior. 259 Behavior Sampling for Proactive Measures.
260 Employee-Driven Processes and Partial Empowerment. 261 xiv / Table of Contents Implementing Behavioral Approaches. 262 How to Implement Behavioral Safety—Common Steps. 262 How to Conduct a Safety Assessment.
263 Developing an Inventory of Critical Safety-Related Behaviors 265 What Are Critical Behaviors and Why Develop an Inventory of Critical Behaviors?. 266 How Can We Identify Critical Behaviors?. 266 Steps of the Observation Process. 267 Steps for Continuous Improvement.
269 Steps in the Coaching Process. 270 How to Provide Meaningful Feedback. 271 Common Performance Metrics for Behavioral Safety. 272 Potential Barriers to Successful Implementation of Behavioral Safety.
273 Success Factors for Behavioral Safety. 279 Chapter 13 WORKPLACE VIOLENCE. Brett Carruthers, CSP, and Mark Friend, EdD, CSP Chapter Objectives. 282 Workplace Epidemic of Violence.
286 High-Risk Workplaces. 286 High-Risk Occupations. 286 Cost to Business. 287 Victimization of the American Workforce.
288 Severity of Victimization. 288 Profile of Victims. 289 Formula for Failure. 290 The Ingredients List.
290 Baking the Ingredients. 291 Recognizing the Potential Aggressor. 291 Disgruntled Employee Red Flags. 294 Defusing a Time Bomb: The Violent Employee.
295 Table of Contents / xv Pre-Employment Screening. 297 Employee and Management Training. 297 Crisis Management Planning. 297 Proper Security Measures.
299 Liaison with Local Law Enforcement. 302 Chapter 14 TERRORISM PREPAREDNESS. 309 Location of Your Property. 309 Fences and Entrances.
310 Clear Area around the Premises. 310 Doors, Windows, and Other Openings. 310 Ventilation and HVAC Systems. 312 Guards and Sentries.
312 Entry and Movement of Vehicles and Visitors. 312 Entry and Movement of Employees. 312 Computers and Networks. 313 Mail and Packages.
316 Chapter 15 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. 317 xvi / Table of Contents Introduction. 319 What Is a Hazardous Waste?. 319 Determining Generator Status.
321 Obtaining an EPA Identification Number. 321 Managing Hazardous Waste On Site. 323 Worker Protection Standards. 328 Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR §1910.
333 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). 335 Hazardous Waste Disposal. 335 Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest and DOT Regulations. 336 Additional Reporting Requirements.
336 EPA Wears Many Hats. 339 Chapter 16 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND THE MULTIEMPLOYER WORKSITE DOCTRINE. Friend and Dan Nelson with additions by William Walker Chapter Objectives. 342 Construction Safety Recommendations.
343 Falls from Elevations. 344 Struck by and Caught In-between. 351 Multiemployer Worksite Policy. 356 Contractor Qualifications and Programs.
361 Table of Contents / xvii Questions. 362 Chapter 17 REQUIRED WRITTEN PROGRAMS. 365 Safety and Health Program. 366 Hazard Communication Program.
368 Emergency Action Plan. 368 Fire Prevention Plan. 369 Emergency Response Plan. 370 Permit-Required Confined Space Plan.
372 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 374 Process Safety Management. 378 Emergency Action Plan. 379 Chapter 18 RESOURCES ON SAFETY AND HEALTH.
381 Agencies and Associations. 386 Ergonomic Engineering: Hand and Power Tools. 386 Ergonomics: Behavioral and Psychological Aspects. 389 Air Pollution and Hazardous Waste.
389 Health Physics and Radiation. 393 Occupational Safety and Health. 395 xviii / Table of Contents Fire Prevention and Protection. 396 Health and Safety Education and Training.
397 Inspection and Audits. 401 Appendix A: 29 CFR 1910—OSHA GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS SUMMARY AND CHECKLIST. 403 Appendix B: 29 CFR 1926—OSHA CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS SUMMARY AND CHECKLIST. 425 Appendix C: ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA.
463 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1-1.
