i Woven textile structure ii The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing The Textile Institute is a unique organisation in textiles, clothing and footwear. Incorporated in England by a Royal Charter granted in 1925, the Institute has individual and corporate members in over 90 countries. The aim of the Institute is to facilitate learning, recognise achievement, reward excellence and disseminate information within the global textiles, clothing and footwear industries. Historically, The Textile Institute has published books of interest to its members and the textile industry.
To maintain this policy, the Institute has entered into partnership with Woodhead Publishing Limited to ensure that Institute members and the textile industry continue to have access to high calibre titles on textile science and technology. Most Woodhead titles on textiles are now published in collaboration with The Textile Institute. Through this arrangement, the Institute provides an Editorial Board which advises Woodhead on appropriate titles for future publication and suggests possible editors and authors for these books. Each book published under this arrangement carries the Institute’s logo.
Woodhead books published in collaboration with The Textile Institute are offered to Textile Institute members at a substantial discount. These books, together with those published by The Textile Institute that are still in print, are offered on the Woodhead web site at: www. Textile Institute books still in print are also available directly from the Institute’s website at: www. A list of Woodhead books on textile science and technology, most of which have been published in collaboration with The Textile Institute, can be found towards the end of the contents pages.
iii Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 115 Woven textile structure Theory and applications B. Hari CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC Woodhead publishing limited Oxford Cambridge New Delhi iv Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited in association with The Textile Institute Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK www.com Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India www.com Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA First published 2010, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited. The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale.
Specific permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for such copying. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-514-9 (book) Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-781-5 (e-book) CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-3116-8 CRC Press order number N10191 The publishers’ policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publishers ensure that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Typeset by Replika Press Pvt Ltd, India Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, UK xi The authors Dr B. Behera is a Professor in the Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.
His research interests include modeling and simulation, mechanics of textile structure, soft computing applications in the structure – property relationship of fabric, 3D weaving for composite applications and fabric handle and comfort. He has supervised more than 60 Masters and PhD students, published 110 research papers and presented more than 40 papers in various international conferences held in about 13 different countries. Professor Behera has completed 16 sponsored research projects and more than 50 industrial consulting projects as principal investigator. He has contributed a monogram on image processing applications in textiles published in Textile Progress.
He has four patents to his credit. He has also contributed chapters in three other books being published by Woodhead Publishing Limited. Professor Behera is a regular contributor to the Textile Research Symposium held under the aegis of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan and has also contributed to the AUTEX world conference. Professor Behera has also worked as a specially-appointed Professor in the Global Centre of Excellence Programme at Shinshu University Japan (bijoy.
Hari was Professor and Head of the Textile Department of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi for over 30 years until his retirement. During his tenure at IIT Delhi, he supervised 10 PhD students in weaving, preparation and structure–property relationships of woven fabrics. Recently he has contributed to fabric structure and textile designing through web-based teaching. He has organised the International Textile Academia, a global forum for Textile Institutes with the sponsorship of Rieter Textile Machinery.
He has contributed to Vision 2020 for the Indian Textile Industry sponsored by the Indian Government’s Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. He has been a regular contributor to the international conferences, AUTEX and the Institute for Textile Technik. He has published over 60 papers in international textile journals. He is presently Professor Emeritus at TIT&S, Bhiwani and a textile consultant and can be reached at pk_hari@hotmail.
xiii Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 1 Watson’s textile design and colour Seventh edition Edited by Z. Grosicki 2 Watson’s advanced textile design Edited by Z. Grosicki 3 Weaving Second edition P. Mohamed 4 Handbook of textile fibres Vol 1: Natural fibres J.
Gordon Cook 5 Handbook of textile fibres Vol 2: Man-made fibres J. Gordon Cook 6 Recycling textile and plastic waste Edited by A. Horrocks 7 New fibers Second edition T. Phillips 8 Atlas of fibre fracture and damage to textiles Second edition J.
Cooke 9 Ecotextile ‘98 Edited by A. Horrocks 10 Physical testing of textiles B. Saville 11 Geometric symmetry in patterns and tilings C. Horne 12 Handbook of technical textiles Edited by A.
Anand 13 Textiles in automotive engineering W. Hardcastle 14 Handbook of textile design J. Wilson 15 High-performance fibres Edited by J. Hearle 16 Knitting technology Third edition D.
Spencer 17 Medical textiles Edited by S. Anand 18 Regenerated cellulose fibres Edited by C. Woodings xiv Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 19 Silk, mohair, cashmere and other luxury fibres Edited by R. Franck 20 Smart fibres, fabrics and clothing Edited by X.
Tao 21 Yarn texturing technology J. Wilson 22 Encyclopedia of textile finishing H-K. Rouette 23 Coated and laminated textiles W. Fung 24 Fancy yarns R.
Wright 25 Wool: Science and technology Edited by W. Crawshaw 26 Dictionary of textile finishing H-K. Rouette 27 Environmental impact of textiles K. Slater 28 Handbook of yarn production P.
Lord 29 Textile processing with enzymes Edited by A. Cavaco-Paulo and G. Gübitz 30 The China and Hong Kong denim industry Y. Yeung 31 The World Trade Organization and international denim trading Y.
Newton 32 Chemical finishing of textiles W. Hauser 33 Clothing appearance and fit J. Hunter 34 Handbook of fibre rope technology H. O’Hear 35 Structure and mechanics of woven fabrics J.
Hu 36 Synthetic fibres: Nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyolefin Edited by J. McIntyre 37 Woollen and worsted woven fabric design E. Gilligan 38 Analytical electrochemistry in textiles P. Kiekens 39 Bast and other plant fibres R.
Franck 40 Chemical testing of textiles Edited by Q. Fan 41 Design and manufacture of textile composites Edited by A. Long 42 Effect of mechanical and physical properties on fabric hand Edited by H. Behery Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xv 43 New millennium fibers T.
Phillips 44 Textiles for protection Edited by R. Scott 45 Textiles in sport Edited by R. Shishoo 46 Wearable electronics and photonics Edited by X. Tao 47 Biodegradable and sustainable fibres Edited by R.
Blackburn 48 Medical textiles and biomaterials for healthcare Edited by S. Kennedy 49 Total colour management in textiles Edited by J. Xin 50 Recycling in textiles Edited by Y. Wang 51 Clothing biosensory engineering Y.
Wong 52 Biomechanical engineering of textiles and clothing Edited by Y. Dai 53 Digital printing of textiles Edited by H. Ujiie 54 Intelligent textiles and clothing Edited by H. Mattila 55 Innovation and technology of women’s intimate apparel W.
Ng 56 Thermal and moisture transport in fibrous materials Edited by N. Gibson 57 Geosynthetics in civil engineering Edited by R. Sarsby 58 Handbook of nonwovens Edited by S. Russell 59 Cotton: Science and technology Edited by S.
Hsieh 60 Ecotextiles Edited by M. Horrocks 61 Composite forming technologies Edited by A. Long 62 Plasma technology for textiles Edited by R. Shishoo 63 Smart textiles for medicine and healthcare Edited by L.
Van Langenhove 64 Sizing in clothing Edited by S. Ashdown 65 Shape memory polymers and textiles J. Hu 66 Environmental aspects of textile dyeing Edited by R. Christie xvi Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 67 Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles Edited by P.
Stevens 68 Physical properties of textile fibres Fourth edition W. Hearle 69 Advances in apparel production Edited by C. Fairhurst 70 Advances in fire retardant materials Edited by A. Price 71 Polyesters and polyamides Edited by B.
Gupta 72 Advances in wool technology Edited by N. Russell 73 Military textiles Edited by E. Wilusz 74 3D fibrous assemblies: Properties, applications and modelling of three-dimensional textile structures J. Hu 75 Medical textiles 2007 Edited by J.
Rajendran 76 Fabric testing Edited by J. Hu 77 Biologically inspired textiles Edited by A. Ellison 78 Friction in textiles Edited by B. Gupta 79 Textile advances in the automotive industry Edited by R.
Shishoo 80 Structure and mechanics of textile fibre assemblies Edited by P. Schwartz 81 Engineering textiles: Integrating the design and manufacture of textile products Edited by Y. El-Mogahzy 82 Polyolefin fibres: Industrial and medical applications Edited by S. Ugbolue 83 Smart clothes and wearable technology Edited by J.
Bryson 84 Identification of textile fibres Edited by M. Houck 85 Advanced textiles for wound care Edited by S. Rajendran 86 Fatigue failure of textile fibres Edited by M. Miraftab 87 Advances in carpet technology Edited by K.
Goswami 88 Handbook of textile fibre structure Volume 1 and Volume 2 Edited by S. Kikutani 89 Advances in knitting technology Edited by K. Au Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xvii 90 Smart textile coatings and laminates Edited by W. Smith 91 Handbook of tensile properties of textile fibres Edited by A.
Bunsell 92 Interior textiles: Design and developments Edited by T. Rowe 93 Textiles for cold weather apparel Edited by J. Williams 94 Modelling and predicting textile behaviour Edited by X. Chen 95 Textiles for construction Edited by G.
Pohl 96 Engineering apparel fabrics and garments J. Hunter 97 Surface modification of textiles Edited by Q. Wei 98 Sustainable textiles Edited by R. Blackburn 99 Advanced fibre spinning Edited by C.
Lawrence 100 Fire toxicity Edited by A. Hull 101 Technical textile yarns Edited by R. Das 102 Nonwovens in technical textiles Edited by R. Chapman 103 Colour measurement in textiles Edited by M.
Gulrajani 104 Textiles for civil engineering Edited by R. Fangueiro 105 New product development in textiles Edited by B.
