MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY ------------------------------ NGUYỄN NGỌC THANH TRÚC THE IMPACT OF LIQUIDITY CREATION ON BANK PROFITABILITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 HO CHI MINH CITY, 2022 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY ------------------------------ NGUYỄN NGỌC THANH TRÚC THE IMPACT OF LIQUIDITY CREATION ON BANK PROFITABILITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 SUPERVISOR NGUYỄN DUY LINH, Ph.D HO CHI MINH CITY, 2022 COMMENTS OF THE SUPERVISOR. Ho Chi Minh City, …/…/2022 Supervisor Ph.D Nguyễn Duy Linh i ABSTRACT Research data: The final thesis will focus on studying the impact of liquidity creation on the profitability of twenty-three commercial banks in Vietnam in the period from 2009 to 2020. Reliable secondary data are extracted from the financial statements of commercial banks previously disclosed to the public. Purpose: To build a regression model to estimate the impact of liquidity creation represented by the “cat fat” measure on bank profitability, the research on the topic aims to investigate and find the impact of liquidity creation on the profitability of commercial banks in Vietnam.
Several variables represent bank characteristics including bank size, capital ratio, debt ratio, deposit ratio, expense ratio, provision ratio, real GDP growth rate, and treasury bill interest rate. In particular, the author performed regressions on the components of liquidity creation and examined each one affected bank profitability. Including research variables such as liquidity creation, bank-specific variables, and macro variables. Based on the collected data on the factors, the study examines the impact of these factors on the performance of twenty-three commercial banks in Vietnam, including two variables: depends on return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE).
Design/methodology/approach: The authors examined how liquidity creation influences the profitability of commercial banks in Vietnam from 2009 to 2020 by constructing regression models for regression analysis. The multivariate regression models used are the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) method, the Fixed Effects Model (FEM), and the Random Effects Model (REM), respectively. Finally, the author uses the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method to overcome the phenomena. Findings: Using panel data for the period 2009-2020, the research results show the negative impact of liquidity creation on bank profitability in Viet Nam, for both dependent variables, ROA and ROE.
In nine independent variables, in each ROA and ROE model, only six variables affect the regression model while the other ii three variables have no significant influence. Implications: With the results achieved, it will help banks and other related agencies to evaluate, manage and operate more effectively, as well as contribute to an empirical study for the future. Assist them in identifying key variables influencing bank profitability in Vietnam, particularly the influence of liquidity creation. The findings will support banks and other associated agencies in better evaluating, managing, and running their businesses and provide an empirical study for future research.
Keywords: Commercial banks, profitability, ROE, bank size, capital, loans, deposits, loan ratio, deposit ratio, GDP growth, treasury bill rates, liquidity creation. iii COMMITMENT My graduation thesis titled "The impact of liquidity creation on bank profitability: Empirical evidence from Vietnamese commercial banks" is my research work in the past time. The article is made with the guidance and dedicated help of Ph.D Nguyen Duy Linh. The topic is my result after studying and accumulating knowledge at Banking university of Ho Chi Minh City.
The author's research work and the research results are honest. The reference part of the thesis clearly states the material and data used in the research work. The substance of the thesis, as well as the results and software program, are done honestly and plainly and have never been published before. Ho Chi Minh City, …/…/2022 Author Nguyễn Ngọc Thanh Trúc iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete this final thesis, I would like to thank the lecturers of Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City.
Especially the teachers who majored in Finance and Banking during the years of studying here have taught me valuable knowledge as a foundation for my career and later life. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Ph.D Nguyen Duy Linh, who has always accompanied and supported me during my research work. Thanks to that, the research was completed on schedule and completed my graduation thesis most conveniently. In addition, I would also like to share my joy and express my gratitude to my family and friends who have always supported and encouraged me throughout the process of writing this thesis.
In the process of implementing the thesis, due to the limitations of knowledge, shortcomings are inevitable. I look forward to receiving suggestions from teachers, and friends to improve the topic. At the same time, it creates a better premise and a direction for future research. Finally, I would like to wish the lecturers always have good health, and happiness and always achieve much success in their work as well as in their lives.
Sincerely thanks! Ho Chi Minh City, …/…/2022 Author Nguyễn Ngọc Thanh Trúc v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ix LIST OF FIGURES .x LIST OF TABLES. xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH. RESEARCH SUBJECTS AND SCOPE. CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH.
STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH .9 vi CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BASIS AND LITERATURE REVIEW. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL BANK. PROFITS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS. The concept of bank profitability.
Profit measurement criteria of commercial banks. CREATE LIQUIDITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS. Definition of liquidity creation of commercial banks. Liquidity creation theories.
Create liquidity and metrics. The role of creating liquidity with commercial banks. Indicator for measurement of liquidity creation. Steps to calculate liquidity creation variable.
EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON THE IMPACT OF LIQUIDITY CREATION ON BANK PROFITABILITY. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROFITABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS. Bank-specific factors. RESEARCH MODEL AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS .43 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS RESULT FROM THE VARIABLES. Return on total assets (ROA). Return on equity (ROE). Total loans and leases to total assets (LOANS).
Cost-to-income ratio (COST). Loan loss provisions (LLP). The annualized growth rate of real GDP (GDP). Treasury bill rates (TB).
MULTI-COLLINEARITY TEST. Estimated the POOLED OLS, FEM, REM models. POOLED OLS, FEM, and REM model selection test. HETEROSCEDASTICITY AND AUTOCORRELATION TEST.
FIX RESEARCH MODELS. DISCUSSING RESEARCH RESULTS. The asset – side liquidity creation (LCA). The liabilities – side liquidity creation section (LCL).
The off-balance sheet – side liquidity creation section (LCOBS). Total loans and leases to total assets (LOANS). Cost-to-income ratio (COST). Loan loss provisions (LLP).
The annualized growth rate of real GDP (GDP). Treasury bill rates (TB) .78 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. SOME RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE PROFITABILITY. LIMITATION OF THE THESIS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION.
Limitation of the thesis. Future research direction .96 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Meaning CAP Capital ratio COST Cost-to-income ratio DEP Deposit ratio FEM Fixed Effect Model FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Square GDP Gross domestic product HOSE Ho Chi Minh stock exchange LC Liquidity Creation by “cat fat” divided by total assets LCA The asset–side liquidity creation LCL The liabilities–side liquidity creation section LCOBS The off-balance sheet–side liquidity creation section LLP Loan loss provisions LTG Liquidity transformation gap LOANS Loans to assets POLS Pooled ordinary least squares REM Random Effect Model ROA Return on asset ROE Return on equity SIZE Bank size TB Treasury bill rates UPCOM Unlisted Public Company Market VIF Variance Inflation Factors x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Average profitability ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks in the period 2009-2020.2 Average return on equity of Vietnamese commercial banks over the years .3 Average ratio of liquidity creation to total assets of Vietnamese commercial banks over the years .4 Average value of liquidity created in the period 2009-2020 .5 Asset size of banks in 2009 and 2020.6 Average asset size of banks over the years 2009-2020 .7 Size of equity on average total assets of banks .8 Ratio of Total loans and leases to total assets by year .9 Ratio of deposits to total assets of banks .10 Total operating costs over total assets of banks .11 Provision level and credit risk provision ratio of banks in 2020 .12 GDP growth rate of Vietnam in the period 2009-2020 .13 Treasury bill interest rates over the years .61 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Classification of assets and equity on and off the balance sheet of Vietnamese commercial banks by liquidity .2 Cat fat measure of LC .1 List of variables. 1 Descriptive statistics results of the variables in the model .2 Descriptive statistical results of the variables in the model .3 Multi-collinearity VIF model (1), (2) .4 Multi-collinearity VIF model (3), (4) .5 Multi-collinearity VIF fixed after removing the DEP variable from the model (3), (4) .10 F-Test to choose OLS or FEM model .11 Table of Hausman test results of four models with dependent variables ROA, ROE .12 Heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation test results .13 Estimated FGLS models .72 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In this first chapter, the author will present the reasons for choosing this research topic. In addition, the objectives and scope of research in this field are also stated and related questions are raised.
The author will also determine the research object and how long the research will be. Finally, the proposed outline for the study is presented. BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH Commercial banks are an important intermediary financial institution for the economy of each country. Banks serve as payment mediators, assisting in the transfer of funds from a state of surplus to a state of scarcity.
The commercial banking system ensures financial supply for the economy and works capital and distributes capital to guarantee that a country's finances grow steadily and sustainably. Therefore, the banking industry has always been concerned by the State so that it can continuously update developments and make appropriate adjustments in the context of constantly changing financial markets. The State Bank and the government pay particular attention to the banking process and ensure that suitable and timely supervision and monitoring strategies are implemented. It is because of the necessity and implementation of many important functions that commercial banks concentrate in the banking industry in Vietnam.
In recent years, in Vietnam, in the period of accelerating development and integration into the world economy. That contributes to promoting the rapid development of the banking system in terms of scale to promptly and comprehensively meet the needs of the economy. Therefore, in the economy in general and commercial banks in Vietnam in particular, they are very focused on how to maximize annual profits. In addition, helping the bank to develop in a fiercely competitive market, not only by strong domestic competitors but also by foreign banks joining today because of globalization taking place more quickly.
2 Since financial tasks will add to making manageable benefits and expanding bank strength. In reality, administrators can perceive that even though the banking business in Vietnam is expanding, it is still small in comparison to other banks in the region. Banks are dealing with a slew of issues, including asset quality, significant bad debt, liquidity issues, and low profitability. In the past, in Vietnam, the problem of determining the factors affecting the profitability of commercial banks has received much attention.
Specifically, in the following research studies on commercial bank profitability of foreign authors in countries around the world: Dietrich and Wanzenried (2011); Saif-Alyousfi (2022), … In Vietnam, there are studies such as: Dietrich and Wanzenried (2011); Saif-Alyousfi (2022). In Vietnam, there are studies such as: Đạt (2019); Hiền and Hà (2021); and Hùng (2016).