STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING ACADEMY Foreign Language Faculty CREDIT RISK IN COMMERCIAL BANKS: THE CASE OF VIETNAM PROSPERITY JOINT-STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - PHU THO BRANCH Student : Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc Class : ATCA-K11 Lecturers : PhD. Do Thi Kim Hao MA. Bui Le Minh Hanoi, 6th June 2012 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS After several months of hard work, my thesis has been finished. Now it is time to thank everyone warmly who provided their kind assistance to me.
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors PhD. Do Thi Kim Hao - Dean of Banking Faculty, Banking Academy and MA. Bui Le Minh - Academic Manager of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), Hanoi University, for their guidance and suggestion through my work. I am grateful to them for providing helpful knowledge in area of bank credit and of English for finance and banking.
In addition, the same appreciations are given to the officials of VP Bank-Phu Tho branch for facilitating me a lot during my internship. I also would like to express my thanks to all teachers at Banking Academy, especially teachers of Banking Faculty, Financial Faculty and Faculty of Foreign Languages, for giving their valuable lectures during the time I have studied there. Without them, my thesis would not have been finished. Last but not least, the dearest appreciations are directed to my family and friends, for giving me great support and help during these months.
Special thanks go to my mother for being patient and “compassionate” to her daughter. Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc ii Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis ABSTRACT In this research analysis, the subject of credit risk, which carries a lot of significance for the banking sector, has been examined for Vietnam Prosperity joint- stock commercial bank- Phu Tho branch. It is observed that the credit problem have made a profound impact on the whole banking activity of the branch studied. The secondary data was mainly exploited to measure the credit performance of VP Bank Phu Tho, as the base for improving the branch’s credit quality.
Hence, to serve this purpose, many credit risk indicators are discussed and illustrated in this paper to find out the actual credit problem along with causes of the case study. The major findings of the study show that among those risk measures, to be very apparent to analyze is the extremely high rate of non-performing loan and loan loss, which leads to lots of credit exposure for the branch during the past few years. Several reasons, then, are found out to define the responsibilities between the branch and its customers in causing severe credit risk. Finally, recommendations for mitigating loss as well as enhancing credit activity are also provided, mainly focusing on clamping down on lending procedure, diversifying credit, and advancing human resource.
Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc iii Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements. iii List of tables and figures. vi List of abbreviations. vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.
Objectives and research questions. Scope and limitation. 3 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. Definition of credit risk in commercial banks.
Credit risk indicators. Non-performing loan ratio. Loan loss ratio. Provision against loan loss.
Impacts of credit risk. To the lender (bank). To commercial bank system. To the economy.
Causes of credit risk. From macro environment. Summary of theoretical framework. 14 CHAPTER III: ASSESSMENT OF CREDIT RISK IN VP BANK – PHU THO BRANCH.
15 Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc iv Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis 3. Overview of credit activity of the branch studied. Brief introduction of VP Bank - Phu Tho. Credit activity in recent years.
Credit risk assessment. Credit risk indicator analysis. Non-performing loan ratio. Loan loss ratio.
Provision against loan loss. Impacts of credit risk. Causes of credit risk. From macro environment.
Summary of empirical data and analysis. 39 CHAPTER IV: RECOMMEDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. To the government. To VP Bank – Phu Tho branch.
Enhancing the loan appraisal. Improving the efficiency in collecting and using information. Diversifying loans to disperse risk. Clamping down on monitoring process.
Developing human resource. Expanding the branch network. 49 Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc v Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Chart 3.Organizational Structure of VP Bank Phu Tho .2: Net Revenue Structure .3: Total Outstanding Loan Classified By Client Types .4: Total Outstanding Loan Classified By Credit Types .5: Delinquent Loans Classified by Client Types .6: Non-Performing Loans Classified by Terms .7: Corporate Loans Classified by Economic Sectors .8: Individual Loans Classified by Economic Sectors .1: SWOT analysis of the branch .2: General Credit Activity .3: Total Outstanding Loan Classified By Types of Client and Credit .5: Calculating Portfolio Quality Ratios .6: Calculating Portfolio Quality Ratios (cont.7: Non-Performing Loans by Terms .8: Calculating Portfolio Quality Ratios (cont.9: Loan Loss Reserve and Loan Loss Provision .10: Some Indicators in Balance Sheet & Income Statement. 32 Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc vi Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ALL Allowance For Loan Loss Agribank Vietnam Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development BIDV Bank For Investment And Development Of Vietnam CIC Credit Information Center Cont.
Continue/Continued Dept. Department DR Delinquency Ratio FS Financial Statement LLP Loan Loss Ratio LLR Provision For (Against) Loan Loss NPL(R) Non-Performing Loan (Ratio) POS Point Of Sale SBV State Bank Of Vietnam SME Small And Medium-sized Enterprise SWOT Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat Analysis TA Total Earning Asset Techcombank Vietnam Technological And Commercial Joint- Stock Bank TL Total outstanding loan Vietcombank Joint Stock Commercial Bank For Foreign Trade Of Vietnam Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc vii Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis Vietinbank Vietnam Joint Stock Commercial Bank For Industry And Trade VP Bank Vietnam Prosperity Joint Stock Commercial Bank VND Vietnam Dong (Vietnam Currency Unit) WTO World Trade Organization Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc viii Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION In this chapter, I present the background of the thesis followed by the problem statement. The discussion also contains the motivation for my thesis. Finally, the chapter expresses the research question, purpose, methodology and limits the area of the study.
Problem discussion The banking sector of Vietnam has become more complex over the last decades due to the volatility of financial market. Without fully realizing the risk level, a lot of commercial banks have been getting involved in the big non-performing loans (NPL) of up to trillions of dong by the end of 2011. Particularly to private joint-stock banks, the same problem has been reported that while the volume of outstanding loans has decreased, the NPL ratio has increased rapidly. The consequence of this risk, called credit risk, therefore, is regarded as a nightmare for any Vietnam’s banks by the fact that it is linked to the problem of bank assets once no method is handled to deal with.
Unfortunately, the above situation absolutely fits with the case of Vietnam Prosperity joint-stock commercial Bank – Phu Tho branch, where I have experienced my internship course for four months. Although VP Bank Phu Tho has established and developed for five years, it has evidently suffered from the credit risk exposure. The NPL ratio at a period of time bounced up to approximately 30% (in 2008) - an incredible figure that ever put the branch itself in the chasm of default. Despite the fact that this ratio was on the way to lower in the previous year, it has still kept a far distance from the standard indicator (≤ 3%) which is appointed by the VP Bank Head Office at present.
Thus, the central question here is how to untie the knot of credit risk with which VP Bank Phu Tho has been confronted. That problem has motivated me to pursue this study and this thesis is an endeavor to find the answer. Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc 1 Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis 1. Objectives and research questions 1.
Objectives The thesis aims at finding out VP Bank - Phu Tho branch’s the most problematic issue - the credit weaknesses and bringing out some solutions to credit risk. Research questions The discussed problem formulation makes me to have the following research questions: - What is credit risk in commercial banks and how to measure it? - What are the causes and impacts of credit risk? - How is credit risk measured in VP Bank - Phu Tho branch? - What are consequences that the branch has to suffer from? - What causes serious credit risk in this branch from both external and internal perspective? - How to deal with the current credit risk situation there? 1. Scope and limitation The research is limited on identifying the credit risk situation and recommendations in VP Bank Phu Tho. Hence, the other risks in this branch are not discussed.
Due to the unavailability of information disclosure in official reports I have obtained, my sample only contains Phu Tho branch’s reports and data from 2009 to 2011 respectively. Since the branch in sample rejected to participate in my survey, the primary data was not possible to carry out. Considering the above mentioned circumstances, the results of the study are limited to VP Bank Phu Tho and are not generalized for any other branches and commercial banks in Vietnam. Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc 2 Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis 1.
Methodology The research will cover fact, concepts; techniques and approaches explored from credit activity in identifying problems and therefore find out necessary solutions for VP Bank Phu Tho. The research also gives a quantitative analysis of this application process and the analyses are presented by using descriptive approach. To find out the credit weaknesses in VP Bank Phu Tho, I use secondary data such as financial reports, introduction of the bank, information of the branch on the internet, newspapers to evaluate all indicators. Disposition Chapter I INTRODUCTION: In this chapter, I present the background of the thesis followed by the problem statement.
The discussion also contains the motivation for my thesis. Finally, the chapter expresses the research question, the purpose, methodology and limits the area of the study. Chapter II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: In this chapter, I provide theoretical foundation to my study by presenting relevant literature. Chapter III ASSESSMENT OF CREDIT RISK IN VP BANK – PHU THO BRANCH: In this chapter, I analyze the credit performance and find out the real causes of credit risk in the branch studied.
Chapter IV RECOMMEDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: In this chapter, I propose some sound recommendations as well as draw some conclusions to the matter given above. Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc 3 Class: ATCA - K11 Banking Academy Graduation Thesis CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this chapter, I provide theoretical foundation to my study by presenting relevant literature. Definition of credit risk in commercial banks Under the Basel Accords, fundamental risks that banks face contain credit risk, market risk and operational risk. Among them, credit risk is perhaps the most significance of all bank risks in terms of size of potential losses.
It is implicit in all banking activities, from traditional loans to complex lending arrangements. Thus, approach to prevent and reduce credit risk is like the “bread and butter” of most commercial banks. According to Basel Committee, “credit risk is most simply defined as the potential that a borrower or counter-party will fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms”, that is the inability to reimburse a loan or fulfill other monetary promises when they become due.