MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NGUYEN CONG THUAN --------------------------------------- Nguyen Cong Thuan COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDY AND DESIGN OF 8-PORT RECONFIGURABLE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA USING PROGRAMABLE REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER MASTER THESIS OF SCIENCE COMPUTER SCIENCE 2016A Hanoi – 2018 17051113870891000000 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY --------------------------------------- Nguyen Cong Thuan STUDY AND DESIGN OF 8-PORT RECONFIGURABLE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA USING PROGRAMMABLE REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER Specialty: Computer Science International Research Institute MICA MASTER THESIS OF SCIENCE COMPUTER SCIENCE SUPERVISOR: Dr. Nguyen Thanh Huong Hanoi – 2018 Declaration of Authorship I, NGUYEN Cong Thuan, declare that this thesis titled, “Study and design of 8-port reconfigurable phased array antenna using programmable reflection type phase shifter” and the work presented in it are my own. I confirm that: This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University. Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated.
Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work. I have acknowledged all main sources of help.
Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself. Signed: Date: i Abstract Indoor positioning systems based on radio wave have attracted a lot of research interest over the last decade. One of methods, named Angle of Arrival, locating object based on the relative angle of object to the reference points, requires a design of directional antenna. Recently, antenna designs for this method mainly focus on sectorized antennas, reconfigurable antennas and switched-beam array antenna with limited number of predefined beams, which lowers the accuracy of indoor positioning system.
From this situation, I present in this thesis a design of 8-port phased array antenna using reflection type phase shifter. The input power is split to each antenna through 8-port Wilkinson power divider with insertion loss of about 11dB and isolation of about 20dB. To extract more accurate position, the main beam direction of phased array antenna can be steered smoothly by a design of a continuous and full 360 o reflection type phase shifter with low insertion loss variation. Microstrip patch antennas are used as elements in phased array antenna.
The steering of main beam from -45o to 45o with step 5o have been presented by radiation patterns of phased array antenna, measured in anechoic chamber. The measured results show that the main beam direction is quite close the desired direction in simulation. In most case, the side lobe level is less than main lobe about 10dB. ii Acknowledgements It is an honor for me to be here to write thankful words to those who have been supporting, guiding and inspiriting me from the moment, when I started my work in International Research Institute MICA, until now, when I am writing my master thesis.
I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Nguyen Thanh Huong. Her expertise, understanding and generous guidance made it possible to work in a new topic for me. She has made available her support in a number of ways to find out the solution to my works.
It is a pleasure to work with her. Special thanks to Prof. Eric Castelli, Dr. Dao Trung Kien, Dr.
Nguyen Viet Tung and all of members in the Pervasive Space and Interaction Department for their guidance which help me a lot in how to study and to do research in right way, and also the valuable advices for my works. I would like to show my gratitude to Prof. Vuong Tan Phu at University of Grenoble, France for his supporting. His suggestions enable me to keep my thesis in the right direction.
Finally, this thesis would not have been possible if there were no encouragement from my family and friends. Their words give me power in order to overcome all the embarrassment, discouragement and other difficulties. Thanks for everything helping me to get this day. Hanoi, 15/01/2018 Nguyen Cong Thuan iii Table of Contents Declaration of Authorship.
iii Table of Contents. iv List of Tables .vii List of Figures. viii List of Abbreviations .1 Application and Technical Area .2 Problem Statement and Technical Issue .3 Research Aim and Objective. 3 Chapter 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW .1 Basics of Microwave Engineering .1 Transmission Line Impedance .2 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas .1 Return Loss and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio .3 Phased Array Antenna .3 Grating Lobe and Mutual Coupling.
23 Chapter 3 - DESIGN OF PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA .1 Requirement for Power Divider .1 Requirement for Phase Shifter .2 Phase Shifter Types .3 Reflection Type Phase Shifter .4 Design of Controller for Reflection Type Phase Shifter .1 Requirement for Antenna Element .2 Microstrip Patch Antenna. 47 Chapter 4 - EXPERIMENTAL RESULT.1 Wilkinson Power Divider .2 Reflection Type Phase Shifter .3 Microstrip Patch Antenna .1 Return Loss and VSWR .4 Phased Array Antenna. 61 v Chapter 5 - CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK. 70 Appendix A: Calibration Procedure.
72 Appendix B: Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement System. 74 Appendix C: Main beam angle versus DC bias look up table. 76 Appendix D: Dimension of parts in phased array antenna. 77 vi List of Tables Table 4-1: Comparison of main beam angle and side lobe level in simulation and measurement.
62 Table 4-2: Comparison with previous antenna design for indoor localization. 63 vii List of Figures Figure 2-1: A transmission line terminated in a load impedance [6]. 7 Figure 2-3: Mitered Bends [8]. 8 Figure 2-4: Open-Ends[7].
9 Figure 2-6: Step in Width[7]. 10 Figure 2-7: T-junction discontinuity compensation configuration[8]. 10 Figure 2-8: Fields regions of an antenna. 14 Figure 2-9: Radiation pattern of array antenna: (a) in linear scale; (b) in dB.
15 Figure 2-10: PLF according to different transmitter/receiver polarizations. 16 Figure 2-11: Phased array antenna geometry: (a) Linear, (b) Planar, (c) Circular, (d) Spherical. 18 Figure 2-12: Total field patterns of two dipole antenna array with element spacing λ/4 and different phase excitation β = -90 o [10]. 21 Figure 2-13: Series Feed Network for Phased Array Antenna.
24 Figure 2-14: Parallel Feed Network for Phased Array Antenna. 24 Figure 2-15: 4×4 Butler matrix network. 25 Figure 3-1: Directivity as a function of the element spacing of linear array antenna [11] 27 Figure 3-2: T-junction divider: (a) Lossless; (b) Resistive. 29 Figure 3-3: The Wilkinson power divider: (a) Microstrip line form, (b) Equivalent Transmission Line Circuit.
30 Figure 3-4: An N-way, equal-split Wilkinson power divider[6]. 30 Figure 3-5: An 8-way equal-split Wilkinson power divider. 31 Figure 3-6: Types of phase shifter: (a) Switched Line; (b) Switched Network;. 32 Figure 3-7: 3dB Hybrid Coupler.
34 Figure 3-8: Structure of RTPS. 35 Figure 3-9: Schematic Diagram of RTPS. 37 Figure 3-10: Reflection Load of RTPS. 38 d S 21 Figure 3-11: The results of the first Z T1 survey: (a) Phase Shift, (b).
41 dVR d S 21 Figure 3-12: The results of the second Z T1 survey: (a) Phase shift, (b). 42 dV R Figure 3-13: Impedance of DC Block VJ0603D8R2CXP. 43 Figure 3-14: Block Diagram of controller. 46 Figure 4-1: The 2-way WPD in theory: (a) Schematic Circuit; (b) Forward gains S 21, S31.
49 viii Figure 4-2: The 2-way WPD: (a) Schematic Circuit; (b) Forward gains S21 , S31. 50 Figure 4-3: 8-way Wilkinson Power Divider. 51 Figure 4-4: Forward gain at port 2, 3, 4: S 21, S31, S41. 52 Figure 4-5: Forward gain at port 5, 6, 7: S 51, S61, S71.
52 Figure 4-6: Forward gain at port 8, 9: S81, S 91. 52 Figure 4-7: Isolation between output ports. 52 Figure 4-8: Equivalent model of SMV1247: (a) on SPICE; (b) on ADS. 54 Figure 4-9: C-V curve of SMV1247 on: (a) technical document; (b) ADS.
54 Figure 4-10: Schematic circuit of Reflection type phase shifter. 55 Figure 4-11: Reflection type phase shifter fabricated on Roger4003c. 55 Figure 4-12: S 21 of RTPS. 56 Figure 4-13: Phase shift of RTPS.
56 Figure 4-14: Fabricated microstrip patch antenna. 57 Figure 4-15: Microstrip patch antenna paramters: (a) VSWR; (b) Return Loss. 58 Figure 4-16: Structure of measuring chamber. 59 Figure 4-17: Measurement in Anechoic chamber in reality.
60 Figure 4-18: Radiation Pattern of microstrip patch antenna: (a) on simulation; (b) comparison between simulated and measured result. 60 Figure 4-19: Radiation pattern of phased array antenna at different angles. 66 Figure A-1: Elements of 85052D calibration kit. 72 Figure A-2: OPEN, SHORT, BROADBAND elements of 85052D calibration kit.
73 Figure B-1: Block diagram of ARPM system. 74 Figure B-2: Rotating structure. 75 Figure B-4: Program on PC. 75 ix List of Abbreviations GPS Global Positioning System GLONASS Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema RSS Received Signal Strength ToF Time of Flight ToA Time of Arrival AoA Angle of Arrival E-field Electric Field H-field Magnetic Field PLF Polarization Loss Factor RL Return Loss VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio AF Array Factor D Element Spacing WPD Wilkinson Power Divider RTPS Reflection Type Phase Shifter DC Direct Current ADS Advanced Design System PNA Precise Network Analyzer EM Simulation Electromagnetic Simulation EM Cosimulation Electromagnetic Cosimulation ARPM Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement x Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Application and Technical Area Nowadays, positioning has played an important part in human life, and is the foundation for many other applications such as navigation, tracking, location-based services and games.
While outdoor positioning has become widespread and popular with satellite-based navigation systems such as GPS, GLONASS and Galileo, indoor positioning systems have attracted a lot of research interest over the last decade. Indoor localization promises to create a lot of new services such as guiding users in museum, preventing theft from expensive devices, locating products in supermarket, navigating in mall, saving power consumption of devices, and so on. Due to the scattering and attenuation of microwave on roofs, walls and other object, the systems for outdoor positioning are infeasible solutions when applying to indoor positioning. Instead, indoor positioning systems have been implemented based on several technologies: infrared (IR), Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID), wireless local area networks (WLAN), ultra-wideband, ultra-sound, magnetic positioning and audible sounds.
Among them, WLAN-based approach receive more attention thanks to its wide range and popularity of equipment. Nowadays, the number of WLAN devices has reached billions of devices and continues to increase, hence the study in WLAN-based indoor positioning promise to be applied and spread in the near future.2 Problem Statement and Technical Issue For WLAN-based approach, indoor localization techniques are classified into RSS scene analysis, ToA, TDoA, RToF and AoA [1]. While the highly unstable feature of RSS in indoor environments is the major challenge of RSS scene analysis technique and ToA, TDoA, RToF are based on a precise clock synchronization of devices, the AoA technique requires a directional antenna design to estimate the relative angle of object to reference points. 1 There have been several antenna designs for AoA-based indoor localization presented in past few years.Cidronali [2] introduced a switched- beam directional antenna, including 6 circular antennas to cover 6 areas in a room.Rzymowski et al [3] also introduced an antenna design using twelve passive elements electrically steerable parasitic array radiator antenna with one active monopole in the center of the ground plane.