VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN HA MY RESEARCH ON THE CLIMATE RESILIENT LIVELIHOOD IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF TIEN HAI DISTRICT, THAI BINH PROVINCE MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN HA MY RESEARCH ON THE CLIMATE RESILIENT LIVELIHOOD IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF TIEN HAI DISTRICT, THAI BINH PROVINCE MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Prof. MAI TRONG NHUAN Assoc. NGUYEN TAI TUE Hanoi, 2021 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published. The use of other research’s results and other documents must comply with the regulations.
The citations and references to documents, books, research paper, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis. Author of the thesis NGUYEN HA MY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, my appreciation and gratitude go to Professor Mai Trong Nhuan and Associate Professor Nguyen Tai Tue in Hanoi University of Sciences, Vietnam National University (VNU) for their great academic guidance and enthusiastic encouragement during the completion of the thesis. I would like to thank Mr. Dinh Van Cao, Management Board of Thai Binh Wetland Nature Reserve, the staffs in the Nam Phu People Committee- Thai Binh Province, and residents in Nam Phu commune, Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province for their enthusiastic support in providing materials and assistance in my data collection.
This thesis is hugely supported by the national projects, entitled “Studying on the scientific and practical fundamentals, procedure to assess the ecosystem quality in coastal area using the modern technology for natural resources and environmental protection”, code: TNMT. for valuable aggregate information about the study area. I wish to express my special thanks for all the lectures and Ms. Bui Thu Hoa of the Master Program in Climate Change and Development, Vietnam-Japan University, VNU for creating conditions and supporting me to study and research during my graduate school career.
I could not have completed this work without support from Associate Professor Nguyen Quang Trung, Director and other staffs of Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRETECH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST). Last but not least, I would like to express my indebtedness to my families, and friends who have given me constant encouragement, great patience and utmost love to overcome all difficulties in the thesis completion. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES. I LIST OF FIGURES .II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .2 Research objectives, questions, and hypothesis .3 Subject and scope .5 Overview of research area.
Socio-economic characteristics. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHODS .1 Data sources and data collection method .2 Establishing a set of livelihood resilience indicators .3 Data processing methods.41 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.1 Current status of livelihood in Nam Phu commune.2 Climate change impact in the study site .3 Extreme weather events .4 Sea level rise and salinity intrusion .5 Impacts of climate change on livelihood .3 Assessment of climate resilient livelihood in the study site. Self-organization capacity. Disaster management capacity.
Eco-shrimp farming versus Intensive farming .4 Constraint issues of climate-resilient livelihood of households .5 Limitations of this study .3 Recommendations from aquaculture households .4 Enhancing the climate-resilient livelihood in Tien Hai coastal zone .100 APPENDIX A: HOUSEHOLD’S QUESTIONAIRE .100 APPENDIX B: IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .109 APPENDIX C: FIELD WORK ACTIVITES .111 APPENDIX D: ANSWERS OF HOUSEHOLD’S QUESTIONAIRE .112 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The research objectives, questions and hypothesis. Mangrove Forest and aquaculture area in Tien Hai District. Time, place and content of the fieldwork sessions.
Some definitions of livelihood resilience. Main points of sustainable to resilient livelihoods thinking. List of research methods. Number of interviewed households.
Sets of indicators to assess livelihood resilience to climate change in the coastal areas represented by Nam Phu Communes. Description of study commune in 2015-2020. Major income of Nam Phu commune in 2015-2020. Change of rainfall (%) in 1958-2014 over 7 climatic regions.
Number of typhoons and tropical depressions in Thai Binh 1985-1994. Damages caused by disasters in the past 10 years. Results of livelihood resilience in aquaculture to climate change in the coastal areas represented by Nam Phu Commune. Recommendations of households to improve the efficiency of aquaculture .88 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of study site (Tien Hai District, Thai Binh Province).
Land use land cover map of Thai Binh’s coastline. Area of shrimp and other aquatic products. Shrimp farming area in Tien Hai district. Shrimp production and farming in Tien Hai district.
Framework of the thesis. Logical framework of the study. Climate-resilient livelihood framework. Other income sources of households (%).
Major types of aquacultures in Nam Phu commune (%). The proportion of aquaculture types in Nam Phu commune. Eco-shrimp farming in Nam Phu commune. Change of annual average temperature (left) and total precipitation (right) in 1985-2014.
Annual average temperature in Thai Binh (1999-2019). Annual total precipitation in Thai Binh (1999-2019). Typhoon hitting the Red River Delta (left) and Mekong River Delta (right) from 1950 to 2019. The trend of typhoons hitting Red River Delta in the period of 1950-2019.
The changing of rainfall, groundwater level and sea level over time in Thai Binh. Household’s perception on the impacts of natural disasters (%). Perception on impact of climate change on production (%). Disaster impact level on production (%).
Radar map of indicators of four components of aquaculture livelihood resilience. Technology application in production - L10 (%). Technology application in production stages. Observed quality of water used in production - L11.
Job creation for other people - L8 (%). Experience years in aquaculture - L2 (%). Average aquaculture area of each household - L12 (%). Annual income of shrimp farming - L4 (%).
Household perception of impact of climate change on infrastructure system - L9 (%). Amount of bank loans - L6 (%). Support from government/NGO - S1 (%). Participation in social groups - S2 (%).
Participation in the socio-economic development plans - S4 (%). Frequency of participation in training courses on production - S3 (%). Support from neighborhood in production - C4 (%). Price change of output products - C2 (%).
Availability of evacuation goods - D1 (%). Summary of autonomous adaptation practices in aquaculture - D2 (%). Livelihood activity replacement due to disaster - D4 (%). Participation in disaster-related knowledge training - D3 (%).
Comparison chart of Livelihood Resilience. Radar map of Livelihood Resilience in intensive and eco-shrimp farming. Climate-resilient livelihood index in Nam Phu. Annual income of shrimp farming (%).
Investment costs for aquaculture. Perceived impact of climate change on production (%). Participation in training courses on production (%). Livelihood Strategy Framework.
Recommendations of households for climate change adaptation (%) .89 iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CBA: Community-based adaptation CC: Climate change DFID: UK Agency for International Development FC: Financial capital HC: Human capital IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LR: Livelihood resilience NC: Natural capital PC: Physical capital R: Resilience SC: Social capital SLR: Sea level rise iv ABSTRACT Although aquaculture contributes significantly to production in coastal areas, it has been detrimentally affected by climate change. This study selected coastal zone of Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province with a representative commune - Nam Phu, where rural resident’s main livelihood is aquaculture, consisting of intensive shrimp farming and eco-shrimp farming. The objectives of this study are (i) to identify the impacts of climate change on Nam Phu, (ii) to compare livelihood resilience of aquaculture activities, and (iii) to propose solutions to enhance resident’s livelihood and protect environment at the same time. Based on similar research and self-proposing criteria, a set of indicators to assess resilience of aquaculture livelihood and livelihood strategy selection was created.
Four evaluation components with 24 indicators, including (1) Livelihood capitals, (2) Self- organization, (3) Capacity for learning, and (4) Disaster management capacity, were systematized. For index estimation, 100 questionnaires for aquaculture households were collected and interpreted. The score of overall climate-resilient livelihood in aquaculture households was estimated by Min-Max formula. Results show that: (1) Aquaculture households perceived that Nam Phu has been detrimentally affected by climate change and natural disasters, such as saline intrusion, typhoons and floods; (2) The median climate-resilient score for aquaculture households was 0.49, which implied a medium-resilient level.
Self-organization capacity got a less-resilient level, while the three remaining components were scored as medium-resilient; (3) The eco-shrimp farming households had an average climate resilient index of 0.49, which was slightly higher than that of intensive farming model (0. To conclude, the research emphasized featured livelihood model of eco-shrimp farming, which brings sustainable income and mangrove ecosystems conservation. It also provided useful information for formulating policies to meet the climate change including diversifying eco-livelihoods, improvement of eco-shrimp farming technology and policy support.1 Background As a global issue, climate change has been considered as “threat multiplier” that will exacerbate existing risks for and vulnerability of natural and human systems, especially for coastal states (IPCC, 2014). Consequently, climate change triggers damage to communities in countries where their livelihoods rely heavily on natural resources, causes the food and water insecurity and unsustainable development.
Located in Asia-Pacific, most Asian nations’ economies are depended on natural resources and vulnerable to climate change risks. Vietnam, a coastal country in Southeast Asia, is ranked as the top vulnerable region to climate change. Many of its coastal residents live in geographic areas that are vulnerable to natural disasters while their adaptive capacity is limited, and counter- measure resources are inadequate. Moreover, their incomes are mainly from livelihood activities that are sensitive to the impacts of weather changes such as agriculture, aquaculture, etc.
Tien Hai district, located in a coastal zone of Thai Binh province, is one of the two major core areas in Red River Delta Biosphere Reserve (together with Xuan Thuy National Park in Nam Dinh province) and was recognized by UNESCO in 2004. With such geographical and natural conditions, Tien Hai should have been received more serious consideration to protect its ecosystem. However, in recent decades, the consequences from effects of extreme weather phenomena, along with the proactive indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources have been strongly destroying mangrove and protective forests, degrading coastal ecosystems, greatly affecting livelihood in the locality. Under these circumstances, households take the initiative to protect their livelihoods from future losses by building climate-resilience.
Currently, with the advantage of being a coastal district and having rich aquatic resources, the main livelihood in Tien Hai is considered as aquaculture cultivated by several farming models including 1 ecological one. In the context of climate change, there have been a lot of research on sustainable assessment of natural resources in coastal areas as well as a set of criteria for assessing resilience in ecological models. However, there is a lack of an assessment of livelihood model resilience in the coastal community in Tien Hai due to climate change to achieve the goal of sustainable development. For those reasons, I chose the topic "Research on climate-resilient livelihoods in the coastal area of Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province".
In the following sections, livelihood types, ecological models and study site will be selected to represent the coastal area of Tien Hai and serve as a basis for assessing resilience to climate change.2 Research objectives, questions, and hypothesis General objective: This research aims to examine the climate resilience of the main livelihood - aquaculture in the coastal zone of Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province for enhancing sustainability. The research objectives, questions and hypothesis are as in Table 1.