MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY VAN THI THUY TRANG SURVEY OF FACTORS AFFECTING DRYING TIME USING A SOLAR GREENHOUSE MODEL MASTER’S THESIS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS BINH DINH - 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY VAN THI THUY TRANG SURVEY OF FACTORS AFFECTING DRYING TIME USING A SOLAR GREENHOUSE MODEL Major: Solid state physics Major code: 8440104 Supervisor: Assoc Prof. Dr LE THI NGOC LOAN BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN VĂN THỊ THUỲ TRANG KHẢO SÁT CÁC YẾU TỐ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN THỜI GIAN PHƠI SẤY SỬ DỤNG MÔ HÌNH NHÀ KÍNH NĂNG LƯỢNG MẶT TRỜI Ngành: Vật lý chất rắn Mã ngành: 8440104 Người hướng dẫn: PGS. LÊ THỊ NGỌC LOAN i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY This thesis represents the original works of the author, except where otherwise stated. It has not been submitted previously for a degree or to any other University.
Quy Nhon, December, 2024 Student ……………………… VAN THI THUY TRANG ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to send my sincerest and deepest gratitude to Associate Professor, Dr. Le Thi Ngoc Loan, my master's thesis supervisor. Not only did she always closely follow and guide me enthusiastically, but she also always encouraged me and gave timely advice, helping me overcome difficulties during the dissertation period. Besides, I would like to sincerely thank Associate Professor, Dr.
Nguyen Minh Vuong, Dr. Nguyen Van Nghia, Dr. Nguyen Thi Xuan Huynh, Dr. Le Thi Cam Nhung and Dr.
Le Thi Thanh Lieu created favorable conditions for studying as well as supported, commented, and advised me a lot throughout the process of writing the thesis. I also want to say thank you to The VLIR-OUS, Belgium for providing the master scholarship through the IUC program. In addition, I would also like to thank all the teachers, participating in research at the A6 laboratory area, Quy Nhon University, and all members of the K25B Solid State Physics Master's class for always encouraged and helped me throughout my graduate studies at school. This thesis would probably not be complete without the professional contributions of the teachers on the council.
The teachers' comments helped me understand more about the physics picture in my topic. Finally, it is impossible not to mention the great care and encouragement from my family and friends, who always encouraged and stood by me during difficult times, helping me complete my thesis. iii Quy Nhon, December, 2024 Confirmation by instructor Student …………………………. LE THỊ NGOC LOAN VAN THI THUY TRANG Confirmation of the board chairman iv ABSTRACT Chilli is one of the most valuable as well as commercial crops of Vietnam.
It is commonly drying under open sun, this practice is having lot of drawbacks which leads to poor quality of products. Therefore, the solar greenhouse model is currently being applied to replace this traditional drying method. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the impact of natural factors such as temperature, relative humidity and wind speed on the drying time of Red Chilli using a solar greenhouse model, thereby finding ways to improve efficiency of drying Red Chilli. The experiments were carried out at the experimental area of Quy Nhon University during the period from March to July 2024.
The red chilli was used as experimental material. The data on moisture content (% wb), drying hour, drying rate (%/h) and color difference (ΔE) were recorded. The experiments are divided into different cases such as: open sun drying; drying in a greenhouse without using black painted plates; drying in a greenhouse using black painted plates; drying in a greenhouse using black painted plates combined with two 25 W-filament bulbs placed in an Al- Zn alloy box coated with nano TiN material inside at night and each case compare with a direct drying for the same period of time. Besides, through experiments, the factor that directly affects the drying time of chilli is humidity and elements such as lights, alloy box coated with TiN nanomaterials, and fans help reduce drying time in greenhouses using solar energy by increasing drying efficiency at night.
Key words: temperarture, humidity, wind speed, drying time, solar greenhouse model, red chilli. v TÓM TẮT Ớt là một trong những cây trồng có giá trị và thương mại cao của Việt Nam. Hiện nay, ớt thường được phơi dưới ánh nắng mặt trời, tuy nhiên phương pháp này có nhiều nhược điểm dẫn đến chất lượng sản phẩm kém. Do đó, mô hình nhà kính năng lượng mặt trời hiện đang được áp dụng để thay thế phương pháp phơi truyền thống này.
Mục đích của thí nghiệm này là nghiên cứu tác động của các yếu tố tự nhiên như nhiệt độ, độ ẩm tương đối và tốc độ gió đến thời gian phơi sấy ớt đỏ bằng mô hình nhà kính năng lượng mặt trời, từ đó tìm ra các phương pháp cải thiện hiệu quả phơi sấy ớt đỏ. Các thí nghiệm được thực hiện tại khu vực thí nghiệm của Đại học Quy Nhơn trong khoảng thời gian từ tháng 3 đến tháng 7 năm 2024. Ớt đỏ được sử dụng làm vật liệu thí nghiệm. Dữ liệu về hàm lượng ẩm (% wb), thời gian sấy, tỷ lệ sấy (%/h) và sự thay đổi màu sắc (ΔE) được ghi nhận.
Các thí nghiệm được chia thành các trường hợp khác nhau như: phơi nắng trực tiếp; sấy trong nhà kính không sử dụng tấm sơn đen; sấy trong nhà kính sử dụng tấm sơn đen; sấy trong nhà kính sử dụng tấm sơn đen kết hợp với hai bóng đèn sợi đốt 25W đặt trong hộp hợp kim Al-Zn phủ vật liệu nano TiN bên trong vào ban đêm và so sánh từng trường hợp với phương pháp phơi trực tiếp trong cùng một khoảng thời gian. Bên cạnh đó, qua các thí nghiệm, yếu tố ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến thời gian sấy ớt là độ ẩm và các yếu tố như ánh sáng, hộp hợp kim phủ vật liệu TiN, quạt giúp giảm thời gian sấy trong nhà kính sử dụng năng lượng mặt trời bằng cách tăng hiệu quả sấy vào ban đêm. Từ khóa: nhiệt độ, độ ẩm, tốc độ gió, thời gian sấy, mô hình nhà kính năng lượng mặt trời, ớt đỏ. vi CONTENTS DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY .v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
ix LIST OF FIGURES. The Urgency of the Topic. Research Objectives of the Thesis. Subject and Scope of the Thesis .1 Subject of the Thesis .2 Scope of the study.
Scientific Significance of the Thesis. Structure of the Thesis. Mechanism of Drying Process. Heat Transfer Mechanism.
Mass Transfer Mechanism (Moisture Transfer). Open sun drying. Direct solar drying (DSD). Indirect solar drying.
Studies on Agricultural Product Drying. Study on different drying methods of red chilli. Design and performance evaluation of a Double-pass solar drier for drying of red chilli. Evaluation of Chili Quality.
Aroma and Flavor. Size and Shape. Color of the Skin and Seeds. Absence of Contaminants and Pests.
Crispness and Softness. Quality Maintenance During Storage. Overview of TiN Material. Properties of TiN Material.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Experimental Site and Period. Case 1: Open sun drying. Case 2: Drying in greenhouse without using black-painted plates.
Case 3: Drying in greenhouse using black-painted plates. Case 4: Drying in greenhouse using heatbox. Determination of moisture content and drying rate. Determination of drying hour, temperature and color difference.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Open sun drying. Drying of red chilli in a greenhouse (GH). Drying of red chilli in GH with black-painted plates.
Morphology, crystalline structure and light absorption of TiN NPs. Light absorption and photothermal conversion of TiN-NPs embedded black paint. Not using lamp. Drying of red chilli in GH with TiN-NPs embedded black paint.
Quality of dried chilli by different drying methods. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKS .53 LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE AUTHOR .56 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation English GHs Greenhouses RH Relative humidity UV Ultraviolet DSD Direct solar drying DPSD Double-pass solar dryer CD Cabinet dryer TiN NPs Titanium nitride Nanoparticals x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Crop drying fundamentals. Schematic diagram of open sun drying (OSD).
Schematic diagram of solar greenhouse drying (DSD). Schematic diagram of cabinet solar dryer. Photograph of an indirect solar dryer (ISD). Wireless hygrometer-thermometer.
CENTER-300 digital thermometers equipped with K-type thermocouples. A schematic drawing of the greenhouse containing three black-painted metal plates on three walls. Open sun drying in case 1. Drying using greenhouse and open sun drying in case 2.
Images of chilies before drying in case 2. Drying using greenhouse and open sun drying in case 3 (not using lamp). Images of chilies before drying in case 3 (not using lamp). Drying using greenhouse in case 3 (using lamp).
Drying using greenhouse and open sun drying in case 4. Images of chilies before drying in case 4. Open sun drying of red chilli: (a) ambient temperature, (b) ambient RH, (c) chilli mass, (d) moister content and (e) drying rate (DR) as funtions of time acquired for 192h. Drying of red chilli in GH: (a) temperature inside and outside of GH, (b) RH inside and outside of GH, (c) chilli mass, (d) moisture content, and (e) drying rate (DR) as functions of time acquired for 4 consecutive days.
SEM images of (a) P25 TiO2 NPs and (b) TiN NPs obtained by NH3 treatment of P25 TiO2 at 800 0C; (c) XRD and (d) UV-Vis absorption spectra of P25 TiO2 and TiN. (a) Reflectance spectra of the bare Al-Zn alloy plate and the plates painted with a thin layer of black paint without and with TiN NPs. The ambient temperature is also plotted for comparison. Drying of red chilli in p-GH: (a) Temperature inside and outside p-GH, (b) RH inside and outside GH, (c) chilli mass, (d) moisture content, and (e) drying rate (DR) as functions of time acquired for 53 h.
Drying of red chilli in p-GH: (a) Temperature inside and outside p-GH, (b) RH inside and outside GH, (c) chilli mass, (d) moisture content, and (e) drying rate (DR) as functions of time acquired for 54 h. Graph shows the change in chili mass over time when using a 75 W infrared bulb and a 50 W incandescent bulb. Drying of red chilli in GH with TiN NPs-embedded black painted box: (a) temperature inside and outside of GH, (b) RH inside and outside of GH, (c) chilli mass, and (d) moisture content as functions of time acquired for 48 h. The graph shows changes in mass in different cases over time.
Graph showing the change in mass over time in the different cases. Photographs taken for the dried red chilli obtained by (a) open solar drying and (b) p-GH drying, and (c) GH drying with the heat box. The Urgency of the Topic Vietnam is an agricultural country, and as such, agriculture is the primary source of income for the people nationwide, including in Binh Dinh Province. The agricultural products in Binh Dinh are diverse, including annual crops such as rice, perennial crops such as tangerines, pomelos, coconuts, avocados, and tea, as well as vegetables and fruits like chilli peppers, beans, and more.
Among these, surveys of product quality indicate that chilli peppers grown in Binh Dinh are of very high quality, with customers eager to consume products from the province. As a result, chilli peppers have become a promising product with potential to be developed into a commodity, focusing on export markets. As of September 2024, the area for growing various vegetables (mainly chili peppers) reached over 10,745 hectares, with a yield of 208,718.