THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY THINH DUC NGUYEN TOPIC TITLE: LAND COVER CHANGE AND THE CO2 STOCK IN THE PALEMBANG CITY, INDONESIA: A STUDY USING REMOTE SENSING, GIS TECHNIQUE AND LUMENS. BACHELOR THESIS Study mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: International Training and Development Center Batch: 2010 – 2015 Thai Nguyen, 22/01/2015 n DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Thinh Duc Nguyen Student ID DTN1053110183 Thesis Title Land Cover Change and The CO2 Stock in the Palembang City, Indonesia: A study using Remote Sensing, GIS technique and LUMENs. Ho Ngoc Son2 ABSTRACT A study of the land cover change and the CO2 stock in the Palembang City, Indonesia was conducted by using remote sensing and GIS data and processed by the LUMENs software. The study has successfully compared the land transformation during period of 1989 – 2000 and 2000 – 2013.
It reveals that the settlement area increased much faster during 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000. During 2000 – 2013, a rapid development of the Palembang City after hosting the National Olympic Games in 2004 has a significant impact on the land cover change mainly from the plantation area into the settlement area. In addition, the rate of CO2 emission per unit-area during the 2000 – 2013 period is also higher than that of the 1989 - 2000 period due to the increase of transformation of plantation into settlement. Keywords Land Cover Change, Carbon Stock, LUMENs, Remote Sensing, GIS Number of pages 40 Date of Submission 22/01/2015 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 2 Faculty of Forestry, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, Viet Nam i n ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In order to complete this research, first, I am thankful to the corporation between the Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) and the University of Sriwijaya (UNSRI), Palembang, Indonesia.
I appreciate the hospitality of the University of Sriwijaya, which provided a suitable environment for my research and also an accommodation during my stay in UNSRI from September 2014 to January 2015. Second, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my warm-hearted supervisors, Dr. Iskhaq Iskandar and Dr. Ho Ngoc Son.
It is clearly that I could never complete my research without the whole-hearted supervision of my supervisors. In addition, I want to express my special thanks to Dr. Iskhaq Iskandar for sharing and helping me to overcome difficulties in life during my stay in UNSRI. Last, I would like to thank all friends who have supported me to overcome my difficulties while I was conducting my research in Palembang, Indonesia.
Thai Nguyen, 22/01/2015 Author Thinh Duc Nguyen ii n TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES. iv LIST OF TABLES. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The necessary of land cover change study.
CO2 emissions from land cover change. GIS, Remote sensing and LUMENS. GIS and Remote Sensing. Land cover change study by remote sensing data.
Geo-referencing and visual interpretation classification. Ground Truthing Verification. Land cover change analysis and carbon stock. The land cover change in the Palembang city.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. 40 iii n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of the study area .1 Map of the Waypoints of the ground truthing in the Palembang city. The flow chart of methodology.
Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013 .2 Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 .3 Map of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013. Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 - 2013. Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 – 2000. Map of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013.
37 iv n LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Definition of land cover type (Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia). The top 10 countries with largest annual net loss of forest area 1990 – 2000 (U. Food and Agriculture Organization.
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010). History of the Indonesian population 1990 – 2013 (Countrymeter, Indonesia Population Clock, 2014). The carbon stock of the land cover in Palembang city (World Agroforestry Center, 2014). Satellite imageries used in this study.
Type of Land Cover in the Palembang City based on the Satellite Imagery. Waypoints in each land cover types. The statistics of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013. The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013.
The statistics of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000. The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000. The statistics of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013. The matrix of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013.
Statistics of CO2 emission during 1989 – 2013. Statistics of the CO2 emission during 1989-2000. Statistic of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013. 36 v n LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Land Sat 5 Thematic Mapper which is a sensor including 7 bands (four infrared Land Sat 5 TM wavelengths and three visible wavelengths) Land Sat 7 SLC on Land Sat 7 Scan Line Corrector Land sat 8 carries Operational Land Land Sat 8 OLI Imager sensor GIS Geographic Information System Land Use Planning for Multiple LUMENS Environmental Services vi n PART I.
Problem statement Since 1989, a rapid development on economics has been observed in the Palembang city. This rapid development leads to problems in plan and management of the city. As the economics has grown up very fast, the migration of population from countryside to the city has also significantly increases. In turn, it causes a heavy pressure on the infrastructure, environment, and community.
This situation is a common attached consequence of the urbanization in the world and the Palembang city is not excluded. In order to provide potential information for managing and planning of the administration of the city, the land cover change of the Palembang city from 1989 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2013 are studied. It is believed that the vegetation change is not only affect environment and community locally but also globally. The deforestation due to urbanization is believed to contribute to the global climate change.
Therefore, in this study, an estimation of the CO 2 emission from land cover change in Palembang city will also be conducted. Study area Palembang city is the capital city of the South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. It is the second largest city in the Sumatra Island. The city is located between 104°36'38.534"S with an area of about 400.61 km2 (Putra et al.
The altitude of the city ranges between 8 to 27 meters above sea level. The population in Palembang City is the highest in the South Sumatra Province with density of 3,758 people per square km (Putra et al. 1 n Located in the tropical zone, the Palembang city’s climate has only two seasons, namely: the rainy and dry seasons. The hydrology of the Palembang is characterized by the Musi River that divides the Palembang City into two major areas; the Palembang Ulu (upstream) and the Palembang Ilir (downstream).
Note that the Musi River is one of the biggest rivers in the Indonesia. In addition, most of the Palembang area is low land. Therefore, flood is a major problem of the Palembang City during the rainy season. This requires an integrated management of the city to avoid those impacts in the future development plans.
Map of the study area 3 n 1. Objectives The research is designed to provide the detail information about the land cover change in the Palembang City that can be used for the management and future development plan of the city. We approach the goal through two research objectives: a. Assess to what extent the land cover change in the Palembang City, in particular for period from 1989 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2013.
Quantity the amount of CO2 emission during two time periods: 1989 – 2000, and 2000 – 2013. Evaluation of how the land covers change (e. vegetation change) influences the CO2 emission change. Research questions This study is designed to address the following questions: a.
What is the area of vegetation change from the land cover change map of 1989 to 2000 and 2000 to 2013? b. What is the total amount of CO2 emitted by the vegetation change? c. Is the CO2 emission on the increase due to the land covers change during 1989 – 2000 and 2000 – 2013? 4 n 1. Limitations The study area is limited to the Palembang city, which is very small and there is not much change in vegetation.
In addition, the horizontal as well as the temporal resolutions of the satellite used in this study are low. Therefore, it might not precisely represent the land cover as well as vegetation changes. The necessary of land cover change study Land cover is the natural vegetation which is on the earth surface. Due to human activities such as development of settlement, the land cover now is not only naturally but also artificially.
In addition, the process of land use change causes the change in land cover. Therefore land cover also describes how land has been used. The land cover is defined as the assemblage of biotic and abiotic components on the earth surface which is one of the most crucial properties of the ecosystem on the earth (Pandian et al. The component of “land cover” in Palembang city includes secondary forest, grassland, open area (bare soil), water body, plantation, settlement, shrub and swamp (Ministry of Forestry of the Republic Indonesia).
The definition of each land cover type in this study is described in the following Table 2. Definition of land cover type Land No. Cover Definition Type 1 Water body Waters, including sea, river, lake, irrigation, etc. Fishpond appearance, rice field and swamps were classified.
2 Settlement The area which uses as a residential, including urban, rural, industrial, public area etc. It’s seen clearly. 3 Shrub Dry forest which was growth back (has been succession) but it’s not optimal, or the dry land with sparse tree coverage (nature) or dry land with dominance of low vegetation (nature). There is logged.
4 Swamp Swamp area that has not been forested. In the study for land cover, swamp also includes rice field in wetland. 5 Plantation Plantation is planted trees area which have proprietary or other right with coverage dominated by plantation or industry plant. Plantation in Palembang city is mainly palm oil and rubber tree.
6 Secondary Forests that grow naturally after the occurrence of damage/the Forest changes of first forest plants. The forests that have been disturbed by human exploitation, generally characterized by a network of roads or other network system of exploitation 7 Grassland Non-forested expanses of natural grassland, sometimes there is shrub or tree. 8 Open Area Open area without vegetation (mountaintop rock outcrop, snowy mountaintop, volcanic crater, burned sand, beach sand, stream sediment), and burned of open area. The appearance of open area for mining is classed as mining class, meanwhile, open area that is the example of land clearing classed as open area class.
Open area in the rice plant rotation and fishpond are still classed as swamp. Source: Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia 7 n The change in land cover is believed due to accessibility and history of urban growth which are the main factors in an arrangement of land use patterns (Bijender and Joginder, 2014). Sreenivasulu et al. (2013) has suggested that the advancement of vegetation mapping has greatly increased and research on land use/land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the world’s forest, grassland, and agricultural land use has become an important priority.