VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES BUI THI PHUONG TRANG MINOR THESIS RECAPITULATION AN INVESTIGATION ON METAPHOR USED IN ENGLISH SLOGANS BY SOME BANKS IN THE WORLD. của một số ngân hàng trên thé giới. MINOR THESIS Field: English Lingustics Code: 602215 Course: K18 Hanoi, 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES BUI THI PHUONG TRANG AN INVESTIGATION ON METAPHOR USED IN ENGLISH SLOGANS BY SOME BANKS IN THE WORLD. ` 2 (Nghiên cứu về ân dụ được sử dung trong các câu khâu hiệu ARN M.
MINOR THESIS Field: English Lingustics Code: 602215 Course: K18 Supervisor: Nguyén Thi Thom Thom, M. Hanoi, 2011 iil LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The frequency of slogans in each type of metaphors Table 2: The frequency of each sub-types of Conceptual Metaphor Table 3: The analysis of target, source and metaphor concepts in slogans of conceptual metaphor IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements.00ccccccccceeceee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeaanes i ADSUr act. ii DS) 0) (ce iii Table of contents .0 cece eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeteeeeeeeeeeeeee eee iv PART A —- INTRODUCTION 1.Q nen e ne eee eden eee eee dene nena sent HT nà nà tk eess 1 2. Aims and Objectives of the Sfudy.cccnn Hs nhe, 2 3.
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ccc cence cece eee ee ene ence eaten eens nh kg 17 1.2 Requirements of an effective sÌogan.3 Typical features of banks’ sÏogans.5 Review of previous SfUI€S.- e ne ence e ene eens eee SH nh nh ng 21 CHAPTER 2 — AN ANALYSIS ON METAPHOR IN BANKS?’ SLOGANS 2.1 Slogans — an integral part for banks’ development.2 The exploitation of metaphor in banks’ sÏogans.- HS eaten eee ene ea eneeeeeeneeneeaeneas 28 2. SH ene teens nh nh kh ea 28 2. nnn Een EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EEE EE 29 2.5 Formulating of the research questIons.6 Results and đISCuSSIONS. SH SE nh kh nh eres 32 2.‹ ene nen 2n ng nh nhe 34 2.----- denen eee S 22s vs 35 PART C—- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.
cette 2 nnnn nhe 40 APPENDICES. 0 che I PART A: INTRODUCTION The first chapter states the research problem and justifies the rationale for the study. Afterwards, the aims, objectives, scope as well as methodology of the study are presented. The chapter ends with an overview of later chapters to provide a clear outline for the whole paper.
Rationale We are now living in an epoch of information explosion in which advertising seems to be an integral part of the media. It cannot be denied that advertising is an indispensable element of our social and economic system. Everyday, many products and services are introduced via the media; therefore, advertising is so familiar to everyone. It is all around us.
We are exposed to so much advertising. Just as Clark, B.the average man lives with the advertising man’s work more hours a day than with his family, and is certainly more familiar with advertising slogans than with the proverbs in his bible.” Advertising is a powerful tool for the flow of information from the seller to the buyer. It persuades people to believe and purchase. There are many elements in making a successful advertisement.
Slogans can be considered to be one major factor. Memorable, understandable, meaningful and competitive slogans can be effective when customers need products or services. Metaphor is used by people to understand an abstract concept by referring to a concrete one. It appears so often and is utilized so widely that sometimes we use it subconsciously and without realizing it.
Lakoff and Turner (1989:1) suppose it as “omnipresent”, “accessible to everyone” and “irreplaceable”. As a matter of fact, a mastery of metaphor has been acquired to be used in our daily lives and it helps us understand the world around us. Metaphor has been applied to all walks of life for centuries, such as politics, economy and the entertainment industry. With the fast commercialization of the society and the booming of the media industry, advertising, as one of the most efficient ways of publicizing products, has become an indispensable part of our life and “a major manifestation of conceptual metaphors”(Kövecses 2002:59).
The selling power of the advertisements largely depends on the conceptual metaphors (pictures or words) used in them. A well-chosen metaphor will greatly prompt people’s desire to buy a certain product. A mass of previous discussion has been focused on the metaphors used in the field of advertising. For example, Anderson (1998) has investigated the use of metaphor in on-line advertising and Lundmark (2005) has discussed metaphor and creativity in British magazine advertising.
However, among the previous discussion, less attention has been paid to the slogans of advertising, which perhaps are some of the most powerful component elements of all the advertisements. They are widely used to attract potential consumers’ attention and may be the very essence of advertising. This study mainly focuses on the slogans in the field of banking advertising and discusses the metaphors used in those slogans with the title: “An investigation on metaphor used in some banks’ slogans in the world.” It focuses on metaphor classification based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theory and its application to some banks’ slogans. Aims and objectives of the study The study aims to find out the frequency of different metaphor types used in banks’ slogans.
After an initial analysis described in chapter 2, the research questions can be formulated as: Question 1 Is conceptual metaphor most frequently exploited in banks’ slogans? Question 2 Is there an outstanding favor towards the ontological metaphor? 3. Scope of the study All the chosen slogans in this study are taken from the advertisements of banks in English-speaking countries or international brands. In this study, the analysis is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theory of metaphor to discuss each type of metaphor used in the chosen banks’ slogans. Due to the limitation of a minor thesis, only 20 banks’ slogans are selected to be analyzed.
Methodology First, the banks’ slogans were selected and classified. After that, the metaphorical use of words and expressions was identified and categorized into four categories according to both of their source domain and target domain. Then the theory of conceptual metaphor has been applied in the analysis and discussion of those metaphorical expressions. In fact, the research is a descriptive study as it “involves a collection of techniques used to specify, delineate, or describe naturally occurring phenomena without experimental manipulation” (Seliger & Shohamy, 1989:124).
Therefore, the collection of data will be carried out through non-intrusive and non-manipulative procedures. The descriptive approach helps to investigate into the frequency of metaphor types among banks’ slogans. The combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods is used in this study. They help us to have a general picture over the selected cases.
Qualitative analysis allows us to carefully research each specific case. After using quantification and classification to recognize the frequencies and divide selected slogans into groups of types and sub-types, two research questions for a further study would be given and demonstrated later based on the result of the classification. Design of the study The study consists of five chapters: In the PART A entitled “INTRODUCTION”, all the academic routine required for a study is represented. PART B is DEVELOPMENT, the body of the thesis, including three chapters.
Chapter 1, with the title “LITERATURE REVIEW”, gives a theoretical background to this study the definition of metaphor and promotional metaphor. In addition, the typical classification of metaphors by Lakoff and Johnson is asserted as a theory base for the specific classification of metaphor types exploited in selected slogans as well as the definitions of advertising and advertising slogans. This chapter also reflects some previous researches on advertising and advertisements. Chapter 2 is named “AN ANALYSIS ON METAPHOR IN BANKS’ SLOGANS” focusing on the importance of slogans to advertising as well as banks’ development.
Besides, in this chapter, an analysis of 20 banks’ slogans is carried out to help the author achieve the best result in the study. It also includes the Results and Discussions. This section presents results and findings, which have been proved and obtained from the analysis in the previous part. Part C — CONCLUSION gives the overall recapitulations, implications of the study as well as suggests for further researches.
In brief, the chapter has discussed the research problem, rationale for the study, scope as well as methods of the study. Ending the chapter is the overview of the rest of the paper. With such content, this chapter acts as a guideline or orientation for the development of the later chapters of the study. PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, the theoretical matters related to the analysis will be discussed.
Firstly, an overview on metaphors in general with its definition and its types are introduced. Secondly, it is necessary to mention and discuss the relationship between advertising and slogans. Thirdly, a review of previous studies is also presented.1 Definition of metaphor The term metaphor that comes from Greek means “transference”. With the development of cognitive linguistics and the publication of Metaphors We Live By by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the understanding of metaphor has been changed dramatically.
Metaphor is a major and indispensable part of our ordinary, conventional way of conceptualizing the world, and that our everyday behavior reflects our metaphorical understanding of experience. Metaphor is defined as the substitution of one idea or object with another, used to assist expression or understanding. Some theorists have suggested that metaphors are not merely stylistic, but that they are cognitively important as well. Lakoff and Johnson also argue that “metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action.
Metaphors are around us. Metaphors are not the matter of language, but they also exist in the way we think and act. A common definition of a metaphor can be described as a comparison that shows how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in another important way. They explain how a metaphor is simply being understood and experienced one kind of thing in terms of another.
The authors call this concept a “conduit metaphor’. By this they mean that a speaker can put ideas or objects into words or containers, and then send them along a channel, or conduit, to a listener who takes that idea or object out of the container and makes meaning of it. Lakoff and Johnson give several examples of daily metaphors we use, such as “argument is war” and “time is money.” Metaphors are widely used in context to describe personal meaning. As metaphor can convey the imagination of the language users so it is more persuasive and effective in communication.