VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY -------------------- LUONG HUYNH DANG KHOA TWO-PHASE SIMULATION CONSIDERING PHASE CHANGE DUE TO DEPRESSURIZATION Major: Aerospace Engineering Major ID: 8520120 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, February 2023 THIS RESEARCH IS COMPLETED AT: HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU HCM Instructor: PhD. Dang Le Quang Examiner 1: Assoc. Le Tuan Phuong Nam Examiner 2: PhD. Tran Tien Anh Master’s Thesis is defended at HCMC University of Technology, VNU-HCM on February 04, 2023.
The Board of The Master’s Thesis Defense Council includes: 1. Ngo Khanh Hieu 2. Le Thi Hong Hieu 3. Counter-Argument Member: Assoc.
Le Tuan Phuong Nam 4. Counter-Argument Member: PhD. Tran Tien Anh 5. Council Member: PhD.
Pham Minh Vuong Verification of the chairman of the Master’s Thesis Defense Council and the Dean of the Faculty of Transportation Engineering after the defense is correct (if any). CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL DEAN OF FACULTY OF (Full name and signature) TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (Full name and signature) VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HCMC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM VNUHCM UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Independent – Liberty – Happiness _________________________ _________________ MASTER’S THESIS ASSIGNMENTS Full name: LUONG HUYNH DANG KHOA Learner ID: 2170727 Date of birth: January 13, 1998 Place of birth: Ho Chi Minh City Major: Aerospace Engineering Major ID: 8520120 I. TITLE: TWO-PHASE SIMULATION CONSIDERING PHASE CHANGE DUE TO DEPRESSURIZATION / MÔ PHỎNG DÒNG HAI PHA CÓ XEM XÉT SỰ CHUYỂN PHA DO GIẢM ÁP II. ASSIGNMENTS AND CONTENTS: Assignment: Simulate the flashing phenomena in two-phase flow using the Super Moby-Dick nozzle experiment.
Contents: • Identify the type of solution convergence, evaluate mesh quality and Y plus effect to choose the suitable mesh. • Evaluate the suitable turbulence model for the flashing flow phenomena. • Appraise the inlet turbulence intensity effect on simulation results. • Compare and discuss simulation results of pressure and void fraction to experiment.
• Evaluate the bubble number density influence on pressure and void fraction. • Explain the physical behavior of the flashing flow phenomena by the global and local void fraction sections. ASSIGNMENT DELIVERING DATE (based on the Decision on Assignments Delivering): September 05, 2022. ASSIGNMENT COMPLETING DATE (based on the Decision on Assignments Delivering): December 18, 2022.
Dang Le Quang. Ho Chi Minh City, December 16, 2022 INSTRUCTOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT (Full name and signature) (Full name and signature) DEAN OF FACULTY OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (Full name and signature) v Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my family, who have supported me throughout my studies. During the thesis process, my family has always been by my side, supported and motivated me, which gives me more positive energy to successfully complete this master’s thesis. Next, I would like to thank Mr.
Dang Le Quang (Dr. Dang Le Quang) for his enthusiastic guidance, provided helpful documents and tools to help me complete my master’s thesis well. He was the one who has guided enthusiastically, spent time on supporting and helping me in disorientation times. Finally, I want to thank myself for constantly working hard every day to gain the right knowledge to solve this problem and complete the master’s thesis.
Student Luong Huynh Dang Khoa iii Abstract The master’s thesis aims to simulate the flashing flow phenomena inside a nozzle called “Super Moby-Dick” nozzle in high temperature and pressure difference between inlet and outlet conditions applying the proposed phase change model in Ref. Based on the most optimal chosen mesh with slip model approach, and the combination of mixture model and mixed phase change model UDF code, the simulation provides interested information about the two-phase flashing flow behavior by results of pressure along nozzle, global and detailed local void fraction, as well as, the effect of bubble number density to pressure and void fraction. A good agreement of different average mass flow rate among inlet, outlet and experiment below 2.6% by using the standard K-ω turbulence model with Low- Re correction, and the closest pressure along nozzle profile compared to the experiment in almost points are achieved. Besides, the discussion of the effect of bubble number density parameter to pressure and global void fraction are presented.
Finally, the detailed explanation of two-phase flashing flow behavior based on the simulation results of the global average void fraction and the local average void fraction in 8 sections along nozzle are discussed carefully in the thesis. iv Tóm tắt luận văn Mục tiêu của đề tài luận văn thạc sĩ là mô phỏng ứng xử hiện tượng “flashing flow” của dòng chảy hai pha bên trong vòi phun “Super Moby-Dick” trong điều kiện nhiệt độ cao và chênh lệch áp suất cao giữa đầu vào và đầu ra áp dụng mô hình chuyển pha được đề xuất trong bài báo [1]. Dựa trên mô hình lưới được chọn tối ưu nhất với cách tiếp cận mô hình trượt và sự kết hợp giữa mô hình hỗn hợp và bộ mã UDF về mô hình chuyển pha hỗn hợp, kết quả mô phỏng đã cung cấp các thông tin quan trọng về ứng xử của hiện tượng “flashing flow” của dòng chảy hai pha bằng kết quả của áp suất dọc theo vòi, tỉ lệ hơi toàn cục và tỉ lệ cục bộ tại nhiều vị trí dọc trục, cũng như ảnh hưởng của mật độ bong bóng đến áp suất và tỉ lệ hơi. Mô phỏng cung cấp giá trị sai số lưu lượng khối lượng trung bình giữa đầu vào, đầu ra và thí nghiệm dưới 2,6% bằng cách sử dụng mô hình rối K-ω tiêu chuẩn với chức năng hiệu chỉnh Low-Re, và đường áp suất dọc theo trục khớp với giá trị thực nghiệm ở hầu hết các điểm.
Ngoài ra, phần thảo luận về ảnh hưởng của tham số mật độ bong bóng đến áp suất và tỷ lệ hơi toàn cục cũng được trình bày trong luận văn. Cuối cùng, phần giải thích chi tiết về ứng xử của hiện tượng “flashing flow” của dòng chảy hai pha dựa trên kết quả mô phỏng của tỉ lệ hơi trung bình toàn cầu và tỉ lệ hơi cục bộ thông qua 8 mặt cắt dọc theo trục được trình bày cẩn thận trong luận án. v Commitment I confirm that: - This is my master’s thesis. - The data and results stated in the thesis are honest and have never been published in any other researches.
- The quotations and results used for comparison in the thesis are all cited and have the highest accuracy to the extent of my knowledge. Student Luong Huynh Dang Khoa vi Table of Contents Acknowledgements. iv Tóm tắt luận văn. vi Table of Contents.
vii List of Figures. xi List of Tables. 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW .3 Objectives and scope of study .2 Numerical study reviews .1 Homogeneous equilibrium (HEM) models .2 Non-homogeneous equilibrium (NHEM) models .3 Homogeneous non-equilibrium (HNEM) models .4 Non-homogeneous non-equilibrium (NHNEM) models .3 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models .1 Thermal phase-change models .2 Pressure phase-change models .3 Mixed phase change model .5 Outline of the thesis. 16 FLASHING FLOW PHENOMENA AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL .1 Super Moby-Dick experiment .2 Super Moby-Dick nozzle test section .2 Flashing flow phenomena .2 Axial momentum conservation equation .3 Radial momentum conservation equation .6 Phase change model.
29 CHOSEN PHASE CHANGE MODEL .1 BNL nozzle experiment.1 Mass flow rate .2 Pressure along nozzle .3 Average vapor fraction along nozzle. 34 SIMULATION OF FLASHING PHENOMENA IN THE SUPER MOBY- DICK NOZZLE .4 Boundary conditions and method .1 Solution convergence type identification .2 Mesh convergence evaluation .2 Grid convergence index test .4 Pressure profile analysis .5 The effect of bubble number density on pressure analysis .6 Inlet turbulent intensity analysis.7 Average void fraction analysis .1 Global average void fraction profile .2 The effect of bubble number density on void fraction. 61 CONCLUSION AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT .1 Numerical results conclusion. Mass Transfer UDF Code.
Experimental Pressure Data. Experimental Void Fraction Data. Y Plus Comparison Data. 74 x List of Figures Figure 2.1: Super Moby-Dick experiment setup [48] .2: The Super Moby-Dick nozzle geometry [48] .3: Moby-Dick nozzle geometry [48].4: Measured pressure chart [48] .5: Cross-sectional average void fraction .6: Measured void fraction chart [48] .7: Flashing flow behavior: (a) thermodynamic diagram of phase change of water with equilibrium assumption and (b) start of vaporization [1] .1: Vertical circular convergent-divergent nozzle geometry [3] .2: Absolute pressure at nozzle axis comparison.3: Average vapor fraction comparison .1: Nozzle geometry separated sections .2: Moby-Dick meshing .4: Water and vapor properties at saturation point .5: Scaled residuals chart .6: Mass flow rate trend line chart .7: Pressure at throat .8: Velocity at throat .9: Velocity section positions .10: Velocity profile comparison at section 2 of mesh 4 .11: Pressure Profile comparison .12: Pressure comparison among K-ω models .13: Velocity contour with the turbulence Standard K- ω (Low-Re correction) model.14: Pressure profile with the turbulence Standard K-ω (Low-Re correction) model.15: Pressure comparison of bubble number density values .16: Average void fraction profile with the turbulence Standard K-ω (Low-Re correction) model .17: Void fraction contour .18: Mixture fluid density contour .19: Mixture velocity contour .20: Average void fraction at nozzle axis.21: Average void fraction of bubble number density values .22: Local average void fraction sections .23: Turbulent kinetic energy contour .24: Average void fraction section profiles .1: Velocity profile comparison at section 1 of mesh 1 .2: Velocity profile comparison at section 2 of mesh 1 .3: Velocity profile comparison at section 3 of mesh 1 .4: Velocity profile comparison at section 1 of mesh 2 .5: Velocity profile comparison at section 2 of mesh 2 .6: Velocity profile comparison at section 3 of mesh 2 .7: Velocity profile comparison at section 1 of mesh 3 .8: Velocity profile comparison at section 2 of mesh 3 .9: Velocity profile comparison at section 3 of mesh 3 .10: Velocity profile comparison at section 1 of mesh 4 .11: Velocity profile comparison at section 2 of mesh 4 .12: Velocity profile comparison at section 3 of mesh 4.
79 xiii List of Tables Table 1: Numerical models overview [8]. 5 Table 2: Experiment conditions. 17 Table 3: Moby-Dick geometry parameters. 18 Table 4: BNL working condition.
29 Table 5: Boundary conditions. 30 Table 6: BNL Ansys Fluent method. 30 Table 7: Numerical approach list. 30 Table 8: Mass flow rate comparison.
31 Table 9: Nozzle section dimension. 34 Table 10: Meshing information. 35 Table 11: Meshing quality information. 36 Table 12: Material properties.
37 Table 13: Boundary conditions. 37 Table 14: Method setup information. 38 Table 15: First cell height of mesh information. 41 Table 16: Grid convergence index information.
43 Table 17: Turbulence K-ε models’ comparison. 44 Table 18: Turbulence K-ω models’ comparison. 45 Table 19: Mass flow rate comparison of bubble number density values. 50 Table 20: Turbulent intensity comparison.
51 xiv INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Introduction Venturi nozzles are used widely in industrial environments nowadays, that can be easily found in industrial pipe systems, steam engines, jet engines, etc. It is a fact that erosion is a quite common issue in the pipe systems and could be seen as one of the most long-term potential risks that cause serious damages to the system. High-pressure gas, steam and oil leaks or broken pipe due to critical due to severe cracks are possible bad consequences that could be happened once the erosion occurs. Some important factors related to the erosion include the material of pipe, water velocity and pressure, etc.
When the water flows under high velocity and pressure working conditions, the erosion of pipe walls trends to accelerate generally due to the increased friction rate between dissolved solids in the water and the inner pipe walls.