Jointness of Loan Contract Terms, Information Asymmetries, and Lending Relationships Pham Phu Quoc BEcon (Banking) – Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam MA (Economics) – University of Colombo, Sri Lanka An independent thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Accounting and Finance Faculty of Business and Economics Monash University November 2012 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES vi ABBREVIATIONS viii ABSTRACT ix STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1 1.3 Loan Contract Terms 4 1.4 Borrower Information and Lending Relationships 4 1.3 MOTIVATIONS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 5 1.1 Jointness of Loan Contract Terms 5 1.2 Information Asymmetries and Loan Contract Terms 8 1.3 Lending Relationships and Loan Contract Terms 9 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES 11 1.5 DATA, METHODOLOGY, AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS 15 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 24 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 25 2.2 THEORY AND EVIDENCE ON LOAN TERM RELATIONS 25 2.1 Relations between Loan Contract Terms 25 2.2 Jointness of Loan Contract Terms (Hypotheses for RQ1) 33 2.3 INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES AND CONTRACT TERMS 36 2.1 Information Asymmetries and Loan Terms 36 2.2 Loan Term Trade-Offs and Information Asymmetries 39 2.1 Loan Size Selection, Given Loan Term Jointness 39 2.2 Covenant Choice, Given Loan Term Jointness 42 2.3 Loan Price, Collateral, and Maturity Choice, Given Loan Term Jointness 43 2.4 Hypotheses for RQ2 43 2.4 LENDING RELATIONSHIPS AND LOAN TERMS 45 2.1 Lending Relationship Concepts 45 3.1 Lending Relationships 45 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.2 Lending Relationship Measures 46 2.2 Literature on Lending Relationships and Loan Terms 47 2.3Hypotheses for RQ3 52 2.1 Impact of Lending Relationships on Loan Covenants 53 2.2 Impact of Lending Relationships on Loan Size 54 2.4 Hypotheses for RQ4 55 2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY 57 CHAPTER 3 - DATA AND METHODOLOGY 60 3.2 DATA AND SAMPLE 60 3.1 DealScan’s Information Sources 62 3.2 DealScan’s Deal and Facility Classifications 62 3.3 Searching DealScan Borrower Information from Compustat 63 3.4 Reporting Year Inconsistencies between DealScan and Compustat 64 3.5 Potential Misidentification of Lender and Borrower Names 65 3.3 Revolving and Term Loans 66 3.4 Sample Units, Sampling Procedures, and Composition 68 3.3 METHODOLOGY FOR RQ1, RQ2, AND RQ3 71 3.4 METHODOLOGY FOR RQ4 82 3.1 Different Proxies for Information Asymmetries 85 3.2 Alternative Measures of Lending Relationship 85 3.3 Endogeneity of Loan Type Selection 86 3.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY 90 CHAPTER 4 - VARIABLES AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 92 4.1 Loan Contract Terms 92 4.6 Other Loan Characteristics 99 4.3 Borrower Characteristics 102 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.3 Other Borrower Characteristics 109 4.3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS 122 4.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY 129 CHAPTER 5 - EMPIRICAL RESULTS 130 5.2 EMPIRICAL RESULTS FOR RQ1 130 5.3 Summary of Hypothesis Testing for RQ1 142 5.3 EMPIRICAL RESULTS FOR RQ2 144 5.6 Summary of Hypothesis Testing for RQ2 149 5.4 EMPIRICAL RESULTS FOR RQ3 151 5.3 Summary of Hypothesis Testing for RQ3 153 5.5 EMPIRICAL RESULTS FOR RQ4 154 5.5 Summary of Hypothesis Testing for RQ4 159 5.6 RESULTS FOR CONTROL VARIABLES AND ROBUSTNESS TESTS 161 5.1 Results for Control Variables 162 5.2 Robustness Tests of the Hypotheses for RQ1, RQ2, RQ3, and RQ4 162 5.1 Other Information Asymmetry Proxies 162 5.2 Alternative Lending Relationship Measures 163 5.3 Endogeneity of Loan Type Selection 163 5.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY 164 CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSION 166 6.2 REVIEW OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES, AND FINDINGS 166 6.1 RQ1: Are loan contract terms (i., price, collateral, maturity, covenants, and size) simultaneously determined? 168 6.2 RQ2: Given their jointness, are loan terms (i., price, collateral, 170 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com maturity, covenants, and size) traded off when addressing borrower information asymmetries? 6.3 RQ3: Given the jointness of loan terms, do lending relationships affect loan covenants and size? 171 6.4 RQ4: Given the jointness of loan terms, do borrowers with higher information asymmetries benefit from better price and non-price terms from their relationship lenders? 172 6.6 FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 181 REFERENCES 184 APPENDIX A - SELECTED LOAN DATA CHARACTERISTICS 218 APPENDIX B - EXPECTED SIGNS OF VARIABLES 224 APPENDIX C - CORRELATION MATRIX FOR REVOLVING AND TERM LOANS 226 APPENDIX D - FIRST STAGE REGRESSION FOR THE RQ1, RQ2, AND RQ3 MODEL 234 APPENDIX E - FURTHER ANALYSIS ON THE RQ1, RQ2, AND RQ3 MODEL 238 E.2 LOAN TERM RELATIONS 242 E.3 LENDING RELATIONSHIP IMPACT ON LOAN TERMS 245 E.4 RESULTS OF CONTROL VARIABLES 247 APPENDIX F - ROBUSTNESS TESTS FOR RQ1, RQ2, AND RQ3 250 F.1 DIFFERENT PROXIES FOR INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES 250 F.2 ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF LENDING RELATIONSHIPS 267 F.3 ENDOGENEITY OF LOAN TYPE SELECTION 288 APPENDIX G - DETAIL ESTIMATES RELATED TO THE RQ4 MODEL 294 APPENDIX H - ROBUSTNESS TESTS FOR RQ4 298 H.1 DIFFERENT PROXIES FOR INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES 298 H.2 ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF LENDING RELATIONSHIPS 315 H.3 ENDOGENEITY OF LOAN TYPE SELECTION 336 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Prior studies on loan term jointness 7 Table 2.1 Relations between the pairs of loan terms 27 Table 2.2 Summary of the effects of information asymmetry on individual loan terms 37 Table 2.3 Summary of information asymmetry effects on loan terms, given their jointness 39 Table 2.4 Summary of prior studies on the impact of the lending relationship on loan terms 48 Table 2.5 Summary of the four research questions and their hypotheses 59 Table 3.1 Summary of data sources 61 Table 3.2 An example of the contract terms of different facilities in a deal 63 Table 3.3 Sample selection process 70 Table 3.4 Testing procedures for the hypotheses associated with RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 80 Table 3.5 Testing procedure for the hypotheses associated with RQ4 84 Table 4.1 Financial and general covenants 96 Table 4.2 List of variables and their definitions and data sources 118 Table 4.3 Descriptive statistics and difference test results for revolving and term loans 123 Table 5.1 DWH statistics for exogeneity tests 132 Table 5.2 Second-stage regression results 135 Table 5.3 Summary of test results for the hypotheses related to RQ1 143 Table 5.4 Summary of test results for the hypotheses related to RQ2 150 Table 5.5 Summary of test results for the hypotheses related to RQ3 153 Table 5.6 Summary of the interaction impacts of information asymmetries and lending relationship on loan terms 156 Table 5.7 Summary of test results for the hypotheses related to RQ4 160 Table 6.1 Research questions, related hypotheses and results 167 Table A1 Distributions of loan types and loan distribution methods from 1987 to 2009 219 Table A2 Distribution of loan covenants from 1987 to 2009 220 Table A3 Differences between loans with and without collateral information 221 Table A4 Comparison of loan terms and firm characteristics in initial and final samples 222 Table B1 Expected signs of variables used in Equations 3.15 224 Table C1 Correlation matrix for revolving and term loans 226 Table D1 First stage regression for the model related to RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 235 Table E1 VIF values for independent variables in Equations 3.15 239 Table F1 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with information asymmetries proxied by LN(FIRMAGE) 251 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Table F2 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with information asymmetries proxied by R&D 255 Table F3 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with information asymmetries proxied by FCSTERROR 259 Table F4 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with information asymmetries proxied by DISPERSION 263 Table F5 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with lending relationships measured by REL(A) 268 Table F6 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with lending relationships measured by REL(N) 272 Table F7 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with lending relationships measured by REL(D)_3YEAR 276 Table F8 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with lending relationships measured by REL(A)_3YEAR 280 Table F9 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 with lending relationships measured by REL(N)_3YEAR 284 Table F10 Logit estimation of revolving loan selection (Equation 3.16) 289 Table F11 Second stage regression results for RQ1, RQ2, and RQ3 after controlling for the endogeneity of loan type selection 290 Table G1 Results for interaction impacts of information asymmetries and lending relationship on loan terms 294 Table H1 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with information asymmetries proxied by LN(FIRMAGE) 299 Table H2 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with information asymmetries proxied by R&D 303 Table H3 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with information asymmetries proxied by FCSTERROR 307 Table H4 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with information asymmetries proxied by DISPERSION 211 Table H5 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with lending relationships measured by REL(A) 316 Table H6 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with lending relationships measured by REL(N) 320 Table H7 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with lending relationships measured by REL(D)_3YEAR 324 Table H8 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with lending relationships measured by REL(A)_3YEAR 328 Table H9 Second stage regression results for RQ4 with lending relationships measured by REL(N)_3YEAR 332 Table H10 Second stage regression results for RQ4 after controlling for the endogeneity of loan type selection 337 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS 2S Two-Stage CPI Consumer Price Index CRSP Center for Research in Security Prices DWH Durbin–Wu–Hausman EBITDA Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization ENSR European Network for SME Research FFIEC Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council GVKEY Global Company Key H Hypothesis IA Information Asymmetries I/B/E/S Institutional Brokers' Estimate System LIBOR London Interbank Offered Rate LPC Loan Pricing Corporation IPO Initial Public Offering LBO Leveraged Buyout MBO Management Buy-out NIC National Information Center NSSBF National Survey of Small Business Finances OLS Ordinary least squares REL Lending Relationship RQ Research Question RSSD ID Replication Server System Database Identification SEC Securities and Exchange Commission SFE Survey of the Financial Environment SIC Standard Industrial Classification SSBF Survey of Small Business Finances U. The United Kingdom U. The United States of America VIF Variance Inflation Factor WRDS Wharton Research Data Services viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT This thesis shows that five key loan contract terms – price, collateral, maturity, covenants, and size – are jointly determined and investigates how lenders and borrowers trade these off to address information asymmetries. It further examines whether prior lending relationships affect loan covenants and size and whether borrowers with higher information asymmetries obtain better loan terms from their relationship lenders.
Since revolving and term loans differ in their characteristics, these issues are examined for the two loan types separately. The sample consists of 17,636 revolving and 6,625 term loans made by banks operating in the United States to U. non-financial firms from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2009. A system of five simultaneous equations is used to examine loan term jointness.
It also provides coefficients for an information asymmetry proxy and a lending relationship measure to examine how loan terms are used to address information asymmetries as well as whether prior lending relationships impact loan covenants and size. This model is modified by adding a product of the information asymmetry and lending relationship measures and then used to investigate if borrowers with higher information asymmetries obtain better terms from their relationship lenders. The empirical results show all five key loan terms are jointly determined. For revolving loans, high information asymmetry borrowers pay higher prices, are more likely to be required to provide collateral, and accept shorter maturities in return for obtaining larger loans with fewer covenants.
For term loans, such borrowers pay higher prices and are more likely to pledge collateral in return for larger loans. Those ix LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.