VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY CHU ANH TUAN ASSOCIATION OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT WITH WALKING DISTANCE TO PUBLIC TRANSIT STOPS IN HANOI MASTER'S THESIS MASTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY CHU ANH TUAN ASSOCIATION OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT WITH WALKING DISTANCE TO PUBLIC TRANSIT STOPS IN HANOI MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: PILOT RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: ANNEX 2. LIST OFHIRONORI Prof. FORMS FOR MANAGEMENT KATO Dr. PHAN LE BINH Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research would not have been possible without the support, contribution and collaboration of others.
First of all, I would like to convey my greatest appreciation and deepest attitude to my supervisors, Prof. Hironori Kato and Dr. Phan Le Binh for their support and constant supervision which contributed immensely to my personal development for his precious advice and helpful guidance in research work. Without their patience and continuous support, I cannot fulfil my research.
I sincerely thank to Prof. Nguyen Dinh Duc - the Program Director of Infrastructure Engineering Program of Vietnam- Japan University (VJU) who always has encouraged and deeply care about me. In addition, I sincerely thank to all members in MIE’s office. Specially, I would like to give my greatest thanks to Dr.
Nguyen Tien Dung and Mr. Bui Hoang Tan who always give me strong support and insightful advice. My deep thank to Mrs. Nguyen Thi Mai Chi about her precious support for my data collection.
Furthermore, I sincerely thank to the rest of the teachers and staffs of Vietnam Japan University for their support and guidance which has inspired me and helped me to overcome the challenges I faced during the period of study at Vietnam Japan University. To all of you, I extend my deepest gratitude. Finally, I would like to send my deepest love and gratitude to my family, who always love, support and encourage me every time. Sincerely, Chu Anh Tuan i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABTRACT Similar to many other developing cities, Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam, has also faced many serious problems caused by spontaneous urban development and massive private vehicles.
As a part of solutions, public transportation systems in Hanoi were paid attention to be invested and developed. However, Public transportation meets only partially the travelling demand of urban people. Even recent years, the productivity of buses in Hanoi tends to be restrain and even going down in some years. Therefore, how to encourage and attract people to use public transportation modes is a more and more urgent topic.
This research focuses on a key factor which greatly influences the use of transit services. This is Walking distance to transit stop and impacts of built environment on this walking distance of riders. A Poison Regression model is estimated to analyze the associations of built environment and walking distance to public transit stop using a dataset collected from a questionnaire-based Onboard survey in May 2019 with the geospatial data of BE variables where the dataset contains 609 respondents of the Hanoi Metropolitan Area. The results unveiled that: (1) Walking is the majority mode of both bus trips from home to transit stop and from transit stop to final destination; (2) The assumptions about walking distance to public stops (threshold of 400 meters) that planners have given are consistent with the Hanoi context; (3) BE variables may have both positive/ negative impacts on walking distance to public transit stops.
Finally, some policy recommendations were produced to support for the use of the public transportation modes in Hanoi. Keywords: Walking; Walking distance; Built environment; Transit stop. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT. i TABLE OF CONTENTS.
ii LIST OF FIGURES.v LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The relationship between walking and BE. Distance walking and walking to public transit.
Studies on walking distance and built environment in the world and Vietnam. GIS-based database. Measurement of walking distance to public transit. Measurement of BE variable.
WALKING DISTANCE MODEL DEVELOPMENT. Estimation results of access trip. Estimation results of egress trip. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.
Walking distance to public transit. Association between BE and walking distance .43 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.48 A set of survey questionnaire in English .48 A set of survey questionnaire in Vietnamese .55 Correlation between potential explanatory variables .62 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: Bus passenger ridership in Hanoi .2: Flow of Research .1: Survey bus route in Hanoi .2: A group of the survey and an interview on a bus route.3: An illustration in the survey questionnaire.4: Locations of respondents .5: Population density by ward .6: Job density by ward .7: Current bus network and bus stops distribution .26 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: Access modes from home to bus stops in Sydney .1: The descriptive statistics of attributes of respondents (N=609) .1: Potential explanatory variables for walking distance model .2: Descriptive statistics of variables for access trip (N=290) .3: Descriptive statistics of variables for egress trip (N=299) .1: Estimation result of Poisson model for walking distance of access trip .2: Estimation result of Poisson model for walking distance of egress trip .1: Access modes from home to bus stops and from final stops to destinations in Hanoi .2: Statistics on walking distances for access trip and egress trip .42 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BE Built Environment BRT Bus Rapid Transit GIS Geographic Information System TRAMOC Hanoi urban transport management and operation center TOD Transit-oriented development vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Introduction Over the years, Hanoi has witnessed a rapid development of the urbanization that leads to the increasing demand in travelling, thus to the rapid increase of the transportation means, in particular private vehicles. In December 2015, it was reported that the total of private vehicles in Hanoi was 5.8 million units including 376,417 cars and 5.4 million motorbikes (Ngoc, 2016), with the exception of the large number of vehicles from other provinces going in and out the city during the day.
Such a massive private vehicles population has caused various transportation issues such as road traffic accidents, traffic jam, and air pollution. To deal with those problems, Public transportation systems in Hanoi were paid attention to be invested and developed, focusing on buses (only one bus rapid transit (BRT) route is operating and urban railway are under construction in Hanoi). However, public transportation meets only partially the travelling demand of urban people, specifically, public transportation system transports only less than 10 percent demand in Hanoi city (World Bank, 2018). Even recent years, the productivity of buses in Hanoi tends to be restrain and even going down in some years (reduced 0,35 percent in 2015 compared to that of 2014) (Figure 1.
In particular, the progress of construction and operation for the Mass Rapid Transit system (BRT, urban railway) in Hanoi missed the deadline. Therefore, how to encourage and attract people to use public transportation modes is a more and more urgent topic. There are various factors that influence the use of public transportation modes, including cost, level of service of the existing system, physical accessibility, spatial access, etc. all of which contribute to each person’s motivation and ability to decide to use public transportation.
This research focuses on walking distance to transit stop because understanding influences on walking distance to transit stops of riders is an important indicator of a transit system’s ability to attract people. The public transportation services are widely used when more and more people live and/or work 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com in close proximity to transit stops (Murray et al. Moreover, walking distance to transit stops is a very important aspect to define stop catchment areas, which are essential for the planning process of new public transportation lines (Andersen & Landex, 2008), and to evaluate the impacts of transit infrastructure on land-use, and to design policies for transit-oriented development (TOD). Most studies and transit planners usually assume distance thresholds of 400 meters for access to bus stops (Queensland Government, 1997; Murray, 2001; Biba, Curtin, & Manca, 2010).
However, these distance thresholds have not yet been justified with an empirical basis in Hanoi. In addition, potential factors affecting the different in walking distance to public transport of public transportation users such as demographics, trip purpose, built environment, perceived neighbourhood walkability are still unclear so it is necessary to be clarified.6 450 419 432 406 413 402 390 400 364 Trips (million/year) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year Figure 1.1: Bus passenger ridership in Hanoi (Source: TRANSERCO) The purpose of this study is to analyze empirically the associations between the density and diversity of the built environment (BE) with walking distance to public transit, using On-board Survey data for Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2019. This analysis particularly pays attention to use measurement objective distance for analyses relationship with BE. In order to compute the BE variables in different geographic 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com units, detailed geospatial data for Hanoi measured in 2010 were installed into a Geographic information system (GIS) database.
Finally, some implications are made based on estimation results. Based on the background presented before, the research questions this study pursue to answer are: i. What is the actual distance walked to public transit stops in Hanoi? ii. How do the built environment characteristics affect the walking distance to public transit stops? 1.
Contributions of this research This research makes significant contributions to the body of knowledge for several reasons. This research contributes to enhancing our understanding about the relationship between BE and the walking distance to transit stops in case of a developing city like Hanoi and providing implications for land use planning and the proper location of transit stops in a public transportation system. More specifically, this research aims to offer planning implications based on the following two aspects. Firstly, with regards to the stop area planning aspect, the BE attributes that positively impact on the actual walking distance of public transportation users need to be identified.
This will suggest transit planners, policy makers and researchers how to motivate people to walk farther for using public transportation. Second, with regards to the new stop location choice, this study wants to determine BE attributes that tend to shorten public transportation's walking distance. Consequently, the new transit stops for new routes or relocate exist transit stop could be located in the places with these BE attributes by transit planners. Therefore, this study fulfils the research gap in giving more evidences to support for both promoting riders walking longer and minimize rider's walking distance.
In addition, to the best of my knowledge, this study is the first study using GIS-based database to investigate the relationship between BE and walking distance in Hanoi. 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Research Framework This thesis consists of five chapters. This chapter focuses on the background, problems statement as well as the main objectives of this research.
The following chapters are written as follows: Chapter two reviews previous researches in the literature to clarify the research objectives in accordance with current studies. This chapter aims to recognize the research gap that exists in the literature and needs to fulfil. Chapter three describes the data source as well as procedures for collecting them. This chapter also shows the procedure to develop GIS-based database in Hanoi and establish the measurement of BE variables in GIS-based database.
Chapter four aims to develop a model to analyse the relationship of BE on walking distance to transit stop in Hanoi.