UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ACQUIRER ABNORMAL RETURNS IN M & A WITHIN BANKS: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED ASEAN COUNTRIES A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By NGUYEN THI NGOC DUNG Academic Supervisor: CAO HAO THI HO CHI MINH CITY, November, 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Contents List of tables. iii List of figures .3 Chapter 2 : Literature review. Method for calculating event’s effect .1 Important time frames. Testing significant of abnormal return.
Overview the using of event study in banking M&A. Overview about bank M & A in ASEAN countries .18 Page: i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.1 Estimation of abnormal returns .2 Analyzing factors effect CAR .21 Chapter 4 : Data analysis .1 Abnormal return and cumulative abnormal return to acquirers .2 Cross-section regression analysis .38 Chapter 5 : Conclusions and recommendations .3 Limitation and further research .50 Page: ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of tables Table 3-1: Descriptive statistics of sample characteristic .22 Table 3-2: M&A by country .23 Table 3-3: M & A by year .24 Table 4-1: Average abnormal return, and number of positive and negative observations for 20 days before through 20 days after announcement date .28 Table 4-2: Average abnormal returns between groups and test of difference .30 Table 4-3: Cumulative average abnormal returns and their t statistics .33 Table 4-4: Cumulative average abnormal returns between groups and test of difference.33 Table 4-5: CAAR(-18, 10) categorized by characteristics .35 Table 4-6: Correlation testing .37 Table 4-7: Cross-section regression result .38 List of figures Figure 2-1: Process for calculating abnormal return .17 Figure 2-2: Acquirer's cumulative average abnormal return (CAR) from merger and potential effect factors .17 Figure 4-1: Average abnormal returns from -20 days to +20 days around announcement date .28 Figure 4-2: Cumulative abnormal returns from -20 days to +20 days around announcement date .32 Page: iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Abbreviation AAR(s): Average Abnormal Return(s) APT: Arbitrage Pricing Theory AR: Abnormal return ASEAN: Association of Southest Asian Nations B&B: Bank and Bank B&O: Bank and Other institute CAAR(s): Cumulative Average Abnormal Return(s) CAPM: Capital Asset Pricing Theory CAR(s): Cumulative Abnormal Return(s) M & A: Mergers and Acquistions Page: iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Abstract This paper examines acquirer’s abnormal return from merger and acquisition (M & A) between two banks, and between bank and non-bank institute. By using event study and market model, M & A cases announcing from Jan 2005 to Dec 2012 of ASEAN are investigated. Besides that, determinants affect abnormal return like acquirer size, listing target status, payment method, learning by doing, bidder leverage, type of M & A, Tobin q ratio, target nation, etc are analyzed in detail.
Key words: ASEAN mergers, acquisition, M & A, abnormal return, event study, market model. Page: v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Chapter 1 : Introduction 1. Problem statement The problem of merger and acquisition (M & A) has been mentioned much these days in Vietnam. This can be checked through a famous searching tool – Google by typing key word “sáp nhập” – mean merger, and you will find at least 426,000 related results with that.
This trend can be understood that when the economic, or especially financial situation become hard, firms think more about M & A as a resolution for rescuing. To measure the effectiveness of a M & A deal, we need even years to know, but it does not take long time to see the reaction of the market. Besides that, according to Andrade, Mitchell and Stafford (2001), market response around acquisition announcement is the best way to examine the success of the deal. Problem is how to measure the response of market in front of M & A news? One of the common methods is comparing the return from the company’s stock around the time of announcement of M & A which called abnormal return and average return of it in normal time (expected return).
By using market model and event study, we can calculate abnormal return to specific object like acquirers (who offer merger), target firms, or even their industry rivals, etc. Applying this method, many studies have done. With specific country, there are some researches like Bae, Kang and Kim (2002) about Korean Chaebol, Filbien et al (2011) about Canada, Brown and Fung (2009) about Japan Keiretsu, etc. With specific industry, many researches about merging between banks, such as: James and Weir (1987), Hannan & Wolken (1989), Houston and Ryngaert (1994), DeLong (2001), Cornett et al.
(2003), Anderson et al. (2004), Beitel et al. (2004), Lepetit et al. (2004), Karceski et al.
One notice point here is most of above studies based on data and situations of developed market like US, or European. Limited studies about M & A in emerging market: William & Liao (2008) search Page: 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com for value created between international banks and targets banks in emerging market, Crouzille et al. (2008) measure the reaction of ASEAN stock market to bank mergers after the 1997 financial crisis, Goddard et al. (2012) research about emerging market including Asia and Latin America.
To date, as what we know, there is no studies really calculate abnormal return in merger cases within ASEAN countries. Research objectives By doing this research, we try to find out reaction of market in front of M&A acquisition announcement especially in bank mergers cases of ASEAN. In details, this paper will measure abnormal returns to acquirers in bank mergers. It also compares the return of acquirer come from acquisition among banks, and between bank and other institute.
Moreover, some common factors like acquirer size, listing target status, payment method, studying by doing, bidder leverage, types of merger, Tobin q ratio, and target nation will be analyzed to estimate the impact of potential factors on abnormal return. Research questions From research objectives, following questions are tried to answer: - Are abnormal returns to acquirers in bank mergers positive? - Are abnormal returns to acquirers in bank mergers higher than those of mergers between bank and other institution? - What is the impact of common factors on abnormal return? 1. Research scope With the objective of researching about ASEAN situation, the paper will be conducted base on bank merger within six ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Moreover, updated deals announced and completed from 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2012 are selected.
The information about deals will be collected from Zephyz – Bureau van Dijk – one of the best databases about M&A around the world. Page: 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Research contribution Answering three research questions, the usefulness of this paper concentrate on two main points. First, it is an overview about bank mergers in ASEAN countries within the period from 2005 to 2012.
Second, from the lesson of ASEAN countries, this study is expected to be a reliable source for further researches related to this field. Research structure Continue to this introduction chapter, some literature concepts about merger and acquisition (M & A) as well as related empirical studies will be presented in chapter 2. Methodology and data collection will be stated clearly in chapter 3. Data analysis will be indicated in chapter 4.
Chapter 5 will end with conclusion and recommendations for further researches. Page: 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Chapter 2 : Literature review In this chapter, some important points related to M & A will be explained. First, definition, types, and motivation of M & A will be stated clearly in Section 2.5 will show an overview about recent methods for calculating event’s effect as well as testing significance. Next, some main factors effect M & A will be discussed.8 will present an overview about the using of event study in banking M & A, and situation of M & A in banks in ASEAN countries.
Last section will end with conceptual framework. Definition of M & A Merger and acquisition (M & A) are usually seen going with each other. However, these two concepts have a little bit difference in meaning. While merger is defined as the act of joining two or more organizations or businesses into one (Oxford dictionary), acquisition is understood as the act of buying something to add to what they already own.
Acquisition is sometimes called “takeover”. In this paper, we do not distinguish these two words and use it with same meaning. Types of M & A According to Megginson & Smart (2008), there are three main kinds of merger include: horizontal, vertical and conglomerate M & A. In which, horizontal merger is a combination of competitors within the same geographic market (p.
This kind of merger is considered as a market extension method and the greatest potential for wealth creation. It is explained that by combining of their resources, merged firm will have advantage in scale and scope of economy, as well as saving cost thanks to decreasing, or eliminating overlapping resources. Moreover, the combination creates a market power for merged firms compare to other weaker competitors. Vertical merger occurs when companies with current or potential buyer-seller relationships combine to create a more integrated company (p.
Main advantage of vertical merger is decrease the risk of acquirer/target’s input/output which leads to higher efficiency. However, this kind of merger must faces with a serious problem of entering a new line of business which they maybe have not enough knowledge to manage. With last kind of merger, pure Page: 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com conglomerate or unrelated diversification merger occurs between companies in completely different lines of business (p. Conglomerate merger is known as a product extension method which helps to diversify risks.
However, because entering completely different lines of business, this kind of merger may get in trouble of controlling new business. Motivation for M & A Trautwein, in Merger motives and merger prescriptions (1990), sum up seven theories about motive for merger. Beside the theories of efficiency, monopoly, and valuation have good support from empirical studies, empire-building, process, raider, and disturbance theories seem not. Because of this reason, we only discuss main motives related to efficiency, monopoly and valuation theories in this paper.
First, according to efficiency theory, merger is performed for synergies, which express in three main fields: finance, operation, and management. Financial synergies help to lower cost of capital when the size of firm after merger become bigger, or an internal market is created with superior information which leads to better allocated of capital. Capital cost is also decreased when systematic risk diversified through conglomerate merger. With operational synergies, different units of firms will be combined in operation which lower operation cost, as well as gain more benefit from knowledge transferring.
In addition, managerial synergies improve target’s performance through superior plan and management from bidder. Second, monopoly theory argues that motivation of merger is for market power. Firms with conglomerate merger can use profit from one market for fighting for market share in another market. Moreover, bigger after-merger firms are good wall for deterring potential competitors from entrance.
Third, valuation theories emphasize on the role of bidder’s manager and his private information. Motivation for merger is formed from the manager who believes that he has unique news about target’s value and base on his private expectation, a premium, or price will be offered to the target. The special point here is manager’s assessment may be very different from capital market’s information. Page: 5 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Method for calculating event’s effect 2.