Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the Road to 5G Alexander Kukushkin PhD, Australia This edition first published 2018 © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.com/go/permissions. The rights of Alexander Kukushkin to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Office The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.
You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kukushkin, Alexander, author.
Title: Introduction to mobile network engineering : GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the road to 5G / by Alexander Kukushkin. Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018012499 (print) | LCCN 2018021194 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119484103 (pdf ) | ISBN 9781119484226 (epub) | ISBN 9781119484172 (cloth) Subjects: LCSH: Mobile communication systems.
| Wireless metropolitan area networks. Classification: LCC TK5103.3845/6–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.gov/2018012499 Cover design by Wiley Cover image: © pluie_r/Shutterstock Set in 10/12pt WarnockPro by SPi Global, Chennai, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my family vii Contents Foreword xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 2 Types of Mobile Network by Multiple-Access Scheme 3 3 Cellular System 5 3.3 Carrier-to-Interference Ratio 6 3.4 Formation of Clusters 8 3.3 Problem 3 16 4 Radio Propagation 19 4.1 Free-Space Propagation 19 4.2 Propagation Models for Path Loss (Global Mean) Prediction 22 5 Mobile Radio Channel 27 5.1 Narrowband Flat Channel 31 5.2 Wideband Frequency Selective Channel 31 5.2 Worked Examples 36 viii Contents 5.1 Shadowing/Slow Fading 37 5.2 Fast Fading/Rayleigh Fading 40 5.4 Diversity to Mitigate Multipath Fading 42 5.1 Space and Polarization Diversity 42 5.6 Receiver Noise Factor (Noise Figure) 45 6 Radio Network Planning 49 6.1 Generic Link Budget 49 6.1 Receiver Sensitivity Level 50 6.1 Rayleigh Fading Margin 51 6.2 Lognormal Fading Margin 51 6.4 Car Penetration Loss 51 6.6 Building Penetration Loss 52 6.7 Outdoor-to-Indoor Design Level 52 6.3 Power Link Budget 52 6.3 Problem 3 58 7 Global System Mobile, GSM, 2G 59 7.1 General Concept for GSM System Development 59 7.2 GSM System Architecture 59 7.1 Location Area Identity (LAI) 62 7.2 The SIM Concept 63 7.3 User Addressing in the GSM Network 63 7.4 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) 63 7.5 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) 64 7.6 Different Roles of MSISDN and IMSI 64 7.7 Mobile Station Routing Number 64 7.8 Calls to Mobile Terminals 65 7.9 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) 66 7.10 Security-Related Network Functions: Authentication and Encryption 66 7.12 Operation and Maintenance Security 69 7.3 Radio Specifications 69 Contents ix 7.3 MAHO and Measurements Performed by Mobile 72 7.4 Time Slot and Burst 73 7.2 Frequency Correction Burst (FB) 74 7.5 GSM Adaptation to a Wideband Propagation Channel 76 7.1 Training Sequence and Equalization 76 7.2 The Channel Equalization 77 7.3 Diversity Against Fast Fading 78 7.4 Background for the Choice of Radio Parameters 81 7.1 Guard Period, Timing Advance 83 7.5 Communication Channels in GSM 84 7.1 Common Control Channels 85 7.2 Dedicated Control Channels 86 7.6 Mapping the Logical Channels onto Physical Channels 86 7.2 Transmission of User Information: Fast Associated Control Channel 88 7.3 Signalling Multiframe, 51-Frame Multiframe 88 7.5 Signalling Procedures over the Air Interface 90 7.1 Synchronization to the Base Station 90 7.2 Registering With the Base Station 91 7.7 Signalling During a Call 93 7.1 Measuring the Signal Levels from Adjacent Cells 93 7.1 Intra-Cell and Inter-Cell Handover 95 7.2 Intra- and Inter-BSC Handover 95 7.3 Intra- and Inter-MSC Handover 95 7.4 Intra- and Inter-PLMN Handover 95 7.8 Signal Processing Chain 97 7.1 Speech and Channel Coding 97 7.2 Reordering and Interleaving of the TCH 99 7.9 Estimating Required Signalling Capacity in the Cell 100 7.1 SDCCH Configuration 100 x Contents 7.1 Problem 1 101 References 102 8 EGPRS: GPRS/EDGE 103 8.1 GPRS Support Nodes 103 8.3 GPRS Procedures in Packet Call Setups 104 8.4 GPRS Mobility Management 105 8.1 Mobility Management States 106 8.2 PDP Context Activation 107 8.5 Layered Overview of the Radio Interface 108 8.3 Radio Link Layer 110 8.1 RLC Block Structure 110 8.4 GPRS Logical Channels 111 8.5 Mapping to Physical GPRS Channels 111 8.1 Downlink Radio Channel 113 8.2 Uplink Radio Channel 113 8.2 DL TBF Establishment 113 8.8 EGPRS Channel Coding and Modulation 115 8.6 GPRS/GSM Territory in a Base-Station Transceiver 115 8.1 PS Capacity in the Base Station/Cell 116 8.7 Summary 118 References 119 9 Third Generation Network (3G), UMTS 121 9.1 The WCDMA Concept 123 9.1 Open-Loop Power Control 130 9.2 Outer-Loop Power Control 130 9.6 RAKE Reception 135 Contents xi 9.2 Major Parameters of 3G WCDMA Air Interface 136 9.3 Spectrum Allocation for 3G WCDMA 136 9.1 Bearer Service and QoS 138 9.5 UMTS Reference Network Architecture and Interfaces 140 9.1 The NodeB (Base Station) Functions in the 3G Network 141 9.2 Role of the RNC in 3G Network 141 9.6 Air-Interface Architecture and Processing 142 9.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) on Layer 2 144 9.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) on Layer 2 145 9.4 RRC on Layer 3 in the Control Plane 145 9.7 Channels on the Air Interface 146 9.1 Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH) 147 9.2 Common Transport Channels 147 9.3 Physical Channels and Physical Signals 148 9.4 Parameters of the Transport Channel 148 9.8 Physical-Layer Procedures 150 9.1 Processing of Transport Blocks 151 9.2 Spreading and Modulation 154 9.3 Modulation Scheme in UTRAN FDD 155 9.4 Composition of the Physical Channels 157 9.1 Dedicated Physical Channel 157 9.2 Common Downlink Physical Channels 160 9.2 RRC Connected Mode 164 9.3 RRC Connection Procedures 165 9.4 RRC State Transition Cases 166 9.1 Admission Control Principle 167 9.2 Load/Congestion Control 168 9.11 Initial Access to the Network 169 9.12 Summary 170 References 171 10 High-Speed Packet Data Access (HSPA) 173 10.1 HSDPA, High-Speed Downlink Packet Data Access 173 10.2 HSPA RRM Functions 175 10.1 Channel-Dependent Scheduling for HS-DSCH 175 10.2 Rate Control, Dynamic Resource Allocation, Adaptive Modulation and Coding 176 10.3 Hybrid-ARQ with Soft Combining, HARQ 176 xii Contents 10.4 Retransmission Mechanism in the NodeB 176 10.5 Impact to Protocol Architecture 177 10.3 MAC-hs and Physical-Layer Processing 181 10.1 High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) 182 10.2 HSDPA Control Channels 183 10.1 Fractional Downlink Power Control Channel 184 10.3 HS-DSCH Link Adaptation 184 10.6 Air-Interface Dimensioning 192 10.1 Input Parameters and Requirements 192 10.2 Traffic Demand Estimation 193 10.1 PS Data Services (Release 99) 193 10.2 HSPA Data Services 193 10.3 Standard Traffic Model 194 10.1 Uplink Load Factor 196 10.2 Downlink Load Factor 197 10.3 Link Budget for R99 Bearers 198 10.4 Link Budget for HSPA 199 10.5 Results of Link Budget: Cell Range Calculation, Balancing UL with DL 199 10.6 Link Budget for Common Pilot Channel Signal 200 10.7 Link Budget Calculation for the Shared Release 99 and HSDPA Carriers 200 10.5 Uplink Capacity Estimation 201 10.1 Required Bandwidth and Load for Multiple Bearers with GOS Considerations 202 10.2 Simplified Estimation of HSDPA Throughput Capacity 202 10.7 Summary 203 References 204 11 4G-Long Term Evolution (LTE) System 205 11.2 Architecture of an Evolved Packet System 206 11.3 LTE Integration with Existing 2G/3G Network 207 11.1 EPS Reference Points and Interfaces 208 11.1 LTE UE Category 210 11.6 QoS in LTE 211 11.1 Idle Mode Mobility 214 11.2 ECM-CONNECTED Mode Mobility 215 Contents xiii 11.4 Inter-eNB Handover 216 11.5 3GPP Inter-RAT Handover 218 11.6 Differences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility 218 11.9 LTE Radio Interface 219 11.10 Principle of OFDM 220 11.11 OFDM Implementation using IFFT/FFT Processing 223 11.13 Channel Estimation and Reference Symbols 225 11.14 OFDM Subcarrier Spacing 227 11.15 Output RF Spectrum Emissions 227 11.16 LTE Multiple-Access Scheme, OFDMA 228 11.17 Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) 229 11.18 OFDMA versus SC-FDMA Operation 230 11.19 SC-FDMA Receiver 231 11.20 User Multiplexing with DFTS-OFDM 231 11.2 Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) 236 11.22 Link Adaptation and Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling 237 11.23 Radio Protocol Architecture 238 11.4 Logical and Transport Channels 240 11.6 RRC State Machine 244 11.7 Time-Frequency Structure of the LTE FDD Physical Layer 244 11.24 Downlink Physical Layer Processing 248 11.1 Multiplexing and Channel Coding for Downlink Transport Channels 248 11.2 CRC Computation and Attachment to the Transport Block 248 11.3 Code Block Segmentation and Code Block CRC Attachment 249 11.5 Rate Matching for Turbo Coded Transport Channels 249 11.6 Downlink Control Information Coding 250 11.7 Physical Channel Processing 250 11.1 Bit-Level Scrambling 251 11.5 Mapping to Resource Elements 255 11.6 Downlink Reference Signals 256 11.25 Downlink Control Channels 258 11.1 Structure of the Synchronization Channel 258 11.2 Time-Domain Position of Synchronization Signals 259 11.3 Frequency Domain Structure of Synchronization Signals 259 11.1 PSS Structure 259 xiv Contents 11.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel: PCFICH 262 11.7 PHICH, Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel 264 11.26 Mapping the Control Channels to Downlink Transmission Resources 264 11.27 Uplink Control Signalling 264 11.1 Processing of the Uplink Shared Transport Channel 266 11.2 Channel Coding of Control Information 266 11.3 Multiplexing and Channel Interleaving 266 11.4 Processing for Physical Uplink Shared Channel 268 11.5 Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH 269 11.6 Multiplexing of UEs Within a PUCCH 269 11.7 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) 270 11.28 Uplink Reference Signals 271 11.1 Mapping of Reference Signals to the Uplink Frame Structure 272 11.29 Physical-Layer Procedures 273 11.2 Random Access Procedure 274 11.30 LTE Radio Dimensioning 279 11.1 LTE Coverage Dimensioning: Link Budget 280 11.1 Physical-Layer Overhead Factors 281 11.2 Multi-Antenna Systems 284 11.4 Link Budget Margins 285 11.6 Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) 287 11.2 Cell Range and Cell Capacity 288 11.31 Summary 289 References 290 12 LTE-A 293 12.3 Coordinated Multi-Point Operation (CoMP) 303 12.1 Relay Radio Access 309 12.3 Resource Assignment for DeNB-RN Link in a Type 1 Relay 314 Contents xv 12.5 Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (E-PDCCH) 315 12.6 Downlink Multiuser Superposition, MUST 315 12.
