2) ad ok (<> Oo = aa O > t= Đ. (0 ¿| Peas ©) om —_ «C oO | <= a Photography Concepts © 2020 Aptech Limited All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or storing in information retrieval system or sent or transferred without the prior written permission of copyright owner Aptech Limited. All trademarks acknowledged.
APTECH LIMITED Contact E-mail: ov-support@onlinevarsity.com Edition 1 - 2020 ® Disclaimer: Arena Multimedia is registered Brand of Aptech Ltd. Preface This module teaches the students basics of digital photography. It introduces them to the different types of camera and its controls. Lighting plays an important role in photography and hence the students would be briefed on the same along with composition techniques to enhance their skills.
The ARENA Design team has designed this course keeping in mind that motivation coupled with relevant training and methodology can bring out the best. The team will be glad to receive your feedback, suggestions, and recommendations for improvement of the book. Please feel free to send your feedback to the ARENA Design team at the Head Office, Mumbai. ARENA Design Team Onlinevarsity Table of Contents Session 01: Basics of Digital Photography What is digital photography? Uses of Digital Photography History Digital over analog photography Career in digital photography Types of digital cameras Lenses Tackling flaring and ghosting Precautions Camera Controls Capturing images Continuous Photography Image formats Photography in Full Auto Mode Image sensor Summary Exercise Session 02: Lighting Direction of Light Direct and indirect light Frontal lighting Sidelighting Backlighting Changing the lights and conditions Dawn to dusk Silhouettes and their impact Season related changes Low light photography Drama in light Working with shadows Summary Exercise Session 03: Composition techniques — part 1 Elements of an image Color Summary Exercise Session 04: Composition Techniques — part 2 Depth Organizing the frame Summary Exercise Dowuload Jrom Google Play Store Session 1 Basics of Digital Photography Learning Outcomes In this session, you will learn to: > Define digital photography > Describe various types of cameras > State various image formats 1.1 What is Digital Photography? Digital photography is a photography technique in which the camera uses electronic photo detectors to capture the image instead of a traditional photographic film.
Optical lenses are used to focus the image on the photo detectors. The image captured by these photo detectors is stored as a digital file, which can be further processed in the computer using photo-editing software. Until the invention of this technology, photographs were taken by exposing light onto the photosensitive photographic film, which were then processed in chemical solutions to develop the images. No wet- bath is involved in digital photography, just a connecting data cable and a color printer gets the job done.
Digital cameras capture images that are in a universally recognizable digital format that makes them easier to manage, display, and share. You can insert digital photographs into PowerPoint presentations or word processing documents, print them on any material using a printer, exchange them via e-mail, and integrate them into video making software to be played on the Television, post them on a social media or any Website where anyone in the world can view them.2 Uses of Digital Photography Digital photography is used wherever we have to deal with modern day images such as: ¢ Digital standalone cameras e Digital cameras in mobile phones, tablets, and laptops e Digital scanners and printers e Emails e Power point presentations e Web publishing e Illustrations 1.3 History Digital photography started in astronomy when the first spacecraft image of Mars was taken in 1965. It used a video camera tube and a digitizer to produce a digital image. First attempt for building a digital camera was done in 1975 using solid-state Charge-coupled Device (CCD) image sensor chips.
This camera weighted around 3.6 Kgs; it recorded the captured images to a cassette tape with a resolution of 0. It captured its first image in December 1975 in 23 seconds. Although, it was a prototype and was not intended for mass production. Fuji's DS-1P was the first true digital camera, which stored the recorded digital images to a 16 MB internal memory card using a battery to maintain the data in the memory card.
However, this camera never made out of Japan. Dycam Model 1 made in 1991 was the first commercially available digital camera. It used Charge- coupled Devices (CCD) as image sensor, stored images in digital format, and can connect to a computer for downloading captured images. Onlinevarsity COLLABORATIVE GROUPS LEARNING 1.4 Digital over Film Photography The digital photography has replaced the film-based photography in less than a decade due to the following reasons: > Digital photography saves money, as you do not have to buy the photo films and pay for their development.
Saves time as there is no need to take trips to the photography studio for developing and the development process itself takes much more time as compared to digital printing. Images can be previewed in the digital camera itself. Modern digital cameras can even record audio and video along with images. Modern digital cameras comes with built-in features such as image cropping, red-eye reduction, and enhance color and contrast.
The images can be printed on the pages of a bound book, such as those send in the bookstores. Digital images follow universal encoding mechanisms (jpg, png, and gif), so the pictures clicked by a digital camera can be instantly shared to any computer in the world-using Internet or can have them posted on the social media Websites. ON YOUR FINGERTIPS 1.5 Career in Digital Photography Today, we live in a digital world and digital photography has become the essence of digital representation. The demands for photography have also been increased, as photos are the best way to create and store memories.
However, apart from just creating memories, digital photography is being used in the following fields, which will earn you a good amount of money. » Brand endorsement photo-shoots: This is the biggest market for professional photographers. These photo-shoots include photographing models (male and female) for representing the brand, photographing the actual product under different lighting and surrounding conditions, and photographing the celebrities who are the brand ambassadors. > Personal portfolio: This is particularly important for the people who are in modelling and acting fields.
> Social events: These include all marriage related photo-shoots (pre-wedding, in-wedding and post- wedding) photo-shoots, birthday parties, social gatherings, receptions, and the list goes on. » Wildlife photography: It is a very big field and includes clicking photos of animals and their life in different locations.6 Types of Digital Cameras Digital cameras come in different sizes and configurations, from pocket sized to larger professional cameras. Following are some of the common types for digital cameras: » Point and shoot: These are pocket-sized cameras and have fewer controls and features than bigger cameras. These cameras capture very good quality images and due to its size, many are likely to have it.
Point and shoot cameras are used in mobile phones, but the problem with them is that they cannot match the quality of dedicated cameras. Refer to Figure 1. T»Š«-SS« SOJOOO DIGITAL em Poe Figure 1.1: Point and Shoot Camera > Fixed lens cameras: These cameras have a high quality fixed zoom lens and shares many exposure and focus control features of the SLR cameras. Refer to Figure 1.2: Fixed Lens Camera » Digital Single-lens Reflex (DSLR) cameras: DSLR cameras are the most popular amongst professionals.
Refer to Figure 1. These are full-feature cameras and are expensive. They have the following advantages over other camera types: e You can change the camera lens. e They have quick focus and click images with less noise.
e You have the feature to scene through the lens to adjust the fine details of the image. e There is a wide variety of accessories to choose from, including lens, external flashes, and so on.3: DSLR > Video Cameras: Video cameras are primarily used for recording long and continuous videos. Many of the previously mentioned cameras have the feature to capture video but the length is short (couple of minutes) and not many video features are available on them. First attempt for building a digital camera was done in 1975.
DSLR are full-feature inexpensive cameras. False Onlinevarsity TEGHHO=IGE THE TECHNOLOGIES OF TOMORROW) 1.1 Characteristics of SLR camera The Single-lens Reflex (SLR) camera's construction allows it to use a wide variety of interchangeable lenses for obtaining optimal photography. One of the distinguishing characteristic of SLR camera is the viewfinder system. As the image that reaches the focal plane can be viewed using the viewfinder, the image which is to be captured can be checked in prior.
A mirror in front of the lens is used to deflect the light rays, which pass through in upward direction to be shown on a focusing screen. The deflected image is then correctly oriented and projected by using a pentaprism before it is seen through the eyepiece. Upon pressing the shutter button, the mirror rises up exposing the film to the image sensor. The mirror then returns to its original position once the shutter is closed.
This system enables the photographer to accurately frame the images without being affected by parallax “Œn "án phenomenon, which has different light paths for the viewfinder and shooting lens. 2 The mir rsas ant te shut opera to capone re 3. The shar cass and hs meee rates to Ms cngrat ne panopse poet Figure 1.4: Image Circle © Canon Inc.2 Different Focal Lengths for Different Images The impression of a photograph can be varied largely by using a variety of lenses for serving different purposes. The differences in the lens focal length substantially changes the angle of view (range), depth of field, and perspective of the subject to be photographed.
The angle of view is called as the angle of range and it is generally shown as the angle of the diagonal direction. Normally, the image taken by the lens is circular and is called as an image circle. The actual photographed image is taken from the center of the image circle. Refer to Figure 1.
In case of a camera having a 35mm lens, the angle of view (diagonal) is generally of 180° using a 15mm. fisheye lens, 46° for 50mm lens, 24° for 100mm lens, 12° for 200mm, and 4° for 600mm telephoto lens. It means, the longer the focal length, the narrower is the angle of view.5: Lens Focal Length © Canon Inc. 2003 Understanding the focal length allows one to select the appropriate lens.
The series of photographs shown in Figure 1.5 left side shows that how lenses with different focal lengths picture the same location. The shorter the focal length of a lens, the wider the scene coverage is and the longer the focal length is, the narrower the scene coverage is. When the focal length is 2x, the area of the image is 1/4, and so it is useful to keep in mind the degree of change. While looking at Figure 1.5 right side, you can see that the subject using 50mm lens gradually comes closer when using 100mm, 200mm, and 300mm without overlooking in the viewfinder is very useful while selecting the lenses.3 Depth of Field The depth of field is the range of the focus in front and behind of the subject.
The depth of field is substantially influenced by the change in focal length, position in focus, aperture setting, distance of photographing, and the distance between the subject to be photographed and background. Smaller aperture results in deeper depth of field and larger aperture results in shallower depth of field. Refer to Figure 1. Here you will notice that under the same shooting conditions, the depth of the field becomes wider with decrease in aperture.