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Lakes Weatherization and Energy Efficiency Improvement for Existing Homes: An Engineering Approach, Moncef Krarti Design and Control of Automotive ProPulsion systems ZongxuAn sun guoming g. Zhu Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U. Government works Version Date: 20140718 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-2019-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use.
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.com Contents Preface.xi About the Authors. Introduction of the Automotive Propulsion System.1 Background of the Automotive Propulsion System.2 Current Status and Challenges.2 Main Components of the Automotive Propulsion System.3 Vehicle Power Demand Analysis.1 Calculation of Vehicle Tractive Force.2 Maximum Acceleration Limit.3 Maximum Grade Limit.4 Vehicle Power Demand.5 Vehicle Performance Envelope.6 Vehicle Power Envelope.2 Vehicle Power Demand during Driving Cycles. Design, Modeling, and Control of Internal Combustion Engine.1 Introduction to Engine Subsystems.2 Mean Value Engine Model.1 Mean Value Gas Flow Model.1 Valve Dynamic Model.2 Manifold Filling Dynamic Model.3 Turbine and Compressor Models.2 Crank-Based One-Zone SI Combustion Model.1 Crank-Based Methodology.2 Gas Exchange Process Modeling.3 One-Zone SI Combustion Model.3 Combustion Event-Based Dynamic Model.1 Fueling Dynamics and Air-to-Fuel Ratio Calculation.2 Engine Torque and Crankshaft Dynamic Model.3 Valve Actuation System.1 Valve Actuator Design.1 Challenges for Developing FFVA Systems.2 Valve Actuator Model and Control.1 System Hardware and Dynamic Model.2 Robust Repetitive Control Design.
36 vii viii Contents 2.4 Fuel Injection Systems.1 Fuel Injector Design and Optimization.1 PFI Fuel System.2 DI Fuel System.2 Fuel Injector Model and Control.5 Ignition System Design and Control.2 MBT Timing Detection and Its Closed-Loop Control.1 Full-Range MBT Timing Detection.2 Closed-Loop MBT Timing Control.3 Stochastic Ignition Limit Estimation and Control.1 Stochastic Ignition Limit Estimation.2 Knock Intensity Calculation and Its Stochastic Properties.3 Stochastic Limit Control.4 Experimental Study Results.1 Closed-Loop MBT Timing Control.2 Closed-Loop Retard Limit Control.3 Closed-Loop Knock Limit Control. Design, Modeling, and Control of Automotive Transmission Systems.1 Introduction to Various Transmission Systems.2 Gear Ratio Realization for Automatic Transmission.1 Planetary Gear Set.2 Speed and Torque Calculation for Automatic Transmission.3 Speed and Torque Calculation during Gear Shifting.3 Design and Control of Transmission Clutches.2 New Clutch Actuation Mechanism.1 Simulation and Experimental Results.3 Feedforward Control for Clutch Fill.1 Clutch System Modeling.2 Formulation of the Clutch Fill Control Problem.3 Optimal Control Design.4 Simulation and Experimental Results.4 Pressure-Based Clutch Feedback Control.1 System Dynamics Modeling.2 Robust Nonlinear Controller and Observer Design.4 Driveline Dynamics and Control. Design, Modeling, and Control of Hybrid Systems.1 Introduction to Hybrid Vehicles.1 Various Types of Hybrid Vehicles.2 Hybrid Architecture Analysis.1 Parallel Hybrid Architecture.2 Series Hybrid Architecture.3 Power-Split Hybrid Architecture.3 Hybrid System Dynamics and Control.1 Dynamic Models for Hybrid System.2 Hybrid System Control.1 Transient Emission and Fuel Efficiency Optimal Control.2 DP-Based Extremum Seeking Energy Management Strategy.3 Driveline Dynamics Control for Hybrid Vehicles. Control System Integration and Implementation.1 Introduction to the Electronic Control Unit.1 Electronic Control Unit (ECU).1 ECU Control Features.2 Communications between ECUs.3 Calibration Methods for ECU.2 Control Software Development.1 Control Software Development Process.2 Automatic Code Generation.3 Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) Simulation.4 Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Simulation.1 HCCI Combustion Background.2 Multistep Combustion Mode Transition Strategy.3 Air-to-Fuel Ratio Tracking Problem.4 Engine Air Charge Dynamic Model.5 LQ Tracking Control Design.6 CIL Simulation Results and Discussion.3 Control System Calibration and Integration.
190 Preface Transportation consumes about 30% of the total energy in the United States. In many emerging markets around the world, transportation, especially personal transportation, has been growing at a rapid pace. Consequently, energy consumption and its environmen- tal impact are now among the most challenging problems humans face. From a technical perspective, construction machinery and agriculture equipment share similar challenges, as all mobile applications have to carry energy onboard and convert energy into mechani- cal motion in real time to meet the demand of the specific function.
The objective of this book is to present the design and control of automotive propulsion systems in order to promote innovations in transportation and mobile applications, and therefore reduce their energy consumption and emissions. There are two unique features of this book. One is that given the multidisciplinary nature of the automotive propulsion system, we adopt a holistic approach to present the subject, especially focusing on the relationship between propulsion system design and its dynamics and electronic control. A critical trend in this area is to have more electronics, including sensors, actuators, and controls, integrated into the powertrain system.
This is going to change the traditional mechanical powertrain into a mechatronic powertrain. Such change will have profound impact on the complex dynamics of the powertrain system and create new opportunities for improving system efficiency. The other is that we cover all major propulsion system components, from internal combustion engines to transmissions and hybrid powertrains. Given the trend of vehicle development, system- level optimization over engines, transmissions, and hybrids is necessary for improving propulsion system efficiency and performance.
We treat all three major subsystems in the book. Chapter 1 presents the background of the automotive propulsion system, highlights its challenges and opportunities, and shows the detailed procedures for calculating vehicle power demand and the associated powertrain operating conditions. Chapter 2 presents the design, modeling, and control of the internal combustion engine and its key subsystems: the valve actuation system, the fuel system, and the ignition system. Chapter 3 presents the operating principles of the transmission system, the design of the clutch actu- ation system, and transmission dynamics and control.
Chapter 4 presents the hybrid pow- ertrain, including the hybrid architecture analysis, the hybrid powertrain model, and the energy management strategies. Chapter 5 presents the electronic control unit and its func- tionalities, the software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop techniques for developing and validating control systems. This book is intended for both engineering students and automotive engineers and researchers who are interested in designing the automotive propulsion system, optimiz- ing its dynamic behavior, and control system integration and optimization. For the engi- neering students, this book can be used as a textbook for a senior technical elective class or a graduate-level class.
Similar content has been taught in a graduate-level class at the University of Minnesota and received very positive feedback from students. For auto- motive engineers, the book can be used to better understand the relationship between powertrain system design and its control integration, which is traditionally divided into two different functional groups in the automotive industry. It will also help automotive xi xii Preface engineers to understand advanced control methodologies and their implementation, and facilitate the introduction of new design and control technologies into future automobiles. We thank and acknowledge our graduate students for their contributions to the research work represented in the book.
We especially want to thank Yaoying Wang, Yu Wang, Xingyong Song, and Xiaojian Yang for their help with editing and proofreading of the book. Zongxuan Sun and Guoming Zhu About the Authors Dr. Zongxuan Sun is currently an associate professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. He was a staff researcher from 2006 to 2007 and a senior researcher from 2000 to 2006 at the General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, Michigan.
Sun received his BS degree in automatic control from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1995, and the MS and PhD degrees in mechani- cal engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in 1998 and 2000, respectively.