Green Energy Course Syllabus CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Green Energy (1 lecture) CHAPTER 2: Electric Power Industry - Distributed Generation Technologies (1 lecture) CHAPTER 3: Wind Power Systems (2 lectures) CHAPTER 4: Solar Resource- Photovoltaic Materials (1 lecture) CHAPTER 5: Photovoltaic Systems (3 lectures) CHAPTER 6: Energy Storage - Electric Vehicles (1 lecture) CHAPTER 7: Other Renewable Energy Resources (0.3 lecture) CHAPTER 8: Smart Grid (0.7 lecture) TUTORIALS: DC-DC Converters; MPPT; Roof Top Solar Home; HOMER Sofware; PV+ Wind Power Problems; Papers on RE LABS: on RE topics CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Green Energy Technology Renewable Energy and Energy Storage for A Sustainable Development: What Alternatives? Biên sọan: Nguyễn Hữu Phúc Khoa Điện- Điện Tử- Đại Học Bách Khoa TPHCM A look on energy, renewable energies, energy storage and synthetic fuels, hybrid architecture, fuel cells, hydrogen as a vector of energy of the future. 2/18/2012 2 The Earth resources are quite limited in quantity Many challenges to mankind in 21st century: development, health, water, food, demography, education, energy Energy… for a sustainable development 2/18/2012 3 Energy is an abstract concept for different concrete manifestations -cooking, heating - lighting - mechanical work: machines -Industrial processing - information processing -transports • In physics, energy (Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια energeia "activity, operation"[1]) is a quantity that is often understood as the ability a physical system has to produce changes on another physical system.[2][3] The changes are produced when the energy is transferred from a system to another. A system can transfer energy by means of three ways, namely: physical or thermodynamical work, heat transfer, or mass transfer. • Energy is a scalar physical quantity.
In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules, but in many fields other units, such as kilowatt-hours and kilocalories, are customary. • Energy is by nature of conservation: Energy may not be created nor destroyed. • Any form of energy can be transformed into another form. When energy is in a form other than thermal energy, it may be transformed with good or even perfect efficiency, to any other type of energy.
• With thermal energy, however, there are often limits to the efficiency of the conversion to other forms of energy, as described by the second law of thermodynamics. Depending on circumstances, some fraction of thermal energy exists in a form unavailable for further transformation; the remainder may be used to produce any other type of energy, such as electricity. Primary sources of energy Fire from burning wood or oil Animal force (horses, dogs, buffalos,…) Water of rivers and tides (mills, …) Wind (pumps, mills,…) And other forms of renewable energies 2/18/2012 5 Energy sources of 21st century • Fossil fuels: coal, oil, natural gas => Primary Energy and Energy Storage Vectors • Nuclear Energy • Electricity: secondary form of energy as of modern energy type of high quality, synonym of development. • During 20 th century, there are great concerns for our green planet: - natural resources are quite limited, especially in terms of energy - mankind is destroying the earth environment in the process of his development • What is the future: towards a development with renewable resources?.
• And which new energy vectors will be adapted? 2/18/2012 6 Vision Photos: NASA, NREL Electrification of the world Sustainable energy production Vision Photos: Philips Lumileds, OSHA, I. Dobson Trustworthy energy systems Best use of resources Vision Flexible, intelligent autonomy Photos: ajou.kr, EPRI, LBL World Energy Situation World consumption of energy, as of 2004 140.106 GWh or 12 G TOE (G= Giga= 109; TOE= Ton of Oil Equivalent) Renewables Nuclear PRIMARY SOURCES Fossil Fuel 2/18/2012 10 Average Energy Consumption/ day A man consumes 65 kWh/day on the average 2/18/2012 11 Sectors consumming primary energy Output Residences and offices electricity produced of 12% Electricity production Industry Transports • Fossil Fuels are widely and directly used as primary sources and serve as convenient energy vector with low efficiency. 2/18/2012 12 Joules, BTUs, Quads A quad is a unit of energy equal to 1015 (a short-scale quadrillion) BTU,[1] or 1.055 exajoules or EJ) in SI units. The unit is used by the U.
Department of Energy in discussing world and national energy budgets. The global primary energy production in 2004 was 446 quad, equivalent to 471 EJ. [2] Some common types of an energy carrier approximately equal 1 quad are: 8,007,000,000 Gallons (US) of gasoline 293,083,000,000 Kilowatt-hours (kWh) 36,000,000 Tonnes of coal 970,434,000,000 Cubic feet of natural gas 5,996,000,000 UK gallons of diesel oil 25,200,000 Tonnes of oil 252,000,000 tonnes of TNT or five times the energy of the Tsar Bomba nuclear test. 2/18/2012 13 Development, Oh, Development ! … of economy ….
of consumption … of population ….and of polution And degeneration of natural resources !! 2/18/2012 14 Pollution, gas emission: global warming, urban polution 2/18/2012 15 Green House Effect: a beneficiary and fragile equilibrium Deforestation: 1 GTons/ year Fossil emission: 6 Gtons/year Absorption Capacity of the Earth: 3 Gtons/year 12 Annual emission of CO2 (in 10 mol C/year), since the beginning of industrial era 2/18/2012 16 Population growth: towards a figure of 10 billions of people in 2100 2/18/2012 17 2000: 12 G TOE 2020: 20 G TOE 2040: 28 G TOE Population growth and development: growth of energy consumption 2/18/2012 18 2000: 12 G TOE 2020: 20 G TOE 2040: 28 G TOE 2/18/2012 19 2/18/2012 20 2/18/2012 21 2/18/2012 22 2/18/2012 23 A “soft” scenario of development A Great Effort ! 2/18/2012 24 Which renewable energies? 2/18/2012 25 Fossil Hydrocarbons = Solar Energy Storage 2/18/2012 26 9 Energy received from the Sun: 1600.10 GWh/year -reflected: 480 109 GWh (30%) Wind: 32.109 GWh (88%) -heat: 720 109 GWh (45%) Others: 4%, of which Photosynthesis: 0.24%) Exploitation estimated in Millions of GWh/year: • Solar Radiation: 1000.106 GWh • Thermal-Sea: 80.106 GWh • Hydraulic Sources: 20.106 GWh • Geothermal Sources: 0.106 GWh • Human Consumption: 140.106 GWh 2/18/2012 27 Electricity clean, easy to control, highly efficient= development an ideal secondary vector, but… distributed through a network which is bulky and costly (2 billions of human population have no access to electricity) Renewable Energy => Electric Energy Which primary sources is electricity produced from? World production: 40.106 GWh (3200 GW installed) 4% Hydropower 38% 40% Coal filled Thermal Power 18% External Gas Thermal Power EVN, 2439 MW, 21% Diezen and others EVN, 9278 MW, 2/18/2012 79% Vietnam- Power Installed : 11,717MW ( in 2006) 28 Electricity production is nowadays imperfect with a majority of electricity produced from thermal power plants (from fossil fuels: coal, gas, oil) a mediocre efficiency of lower than 40% which means 60% of energy lost in heat rarely recuperated => a big energetic waste of non- renewable resources Heat recovery => Cogeneration An action of conscience already taken…even in timidity • Wind power: 30 % growth per year/ 35 000 MW installed • 0.5% of world electricity production • 145 000 MW expected in 2010 • which means 2.5 % of world electricity production • Photovoltaic Energy: 2000 MW installed/ 30-40 % growth/year • 0.02%, but so promising beyond 2050 • In Europe: • 1 MW of Wind Power= 2.4 GWh/year • 1 MW of PV Energy= 1.2 GWh/year • 1 MW of Nuclear Energy= 7 GWh/year ENERGY STORAGE? 29 The World is Now Going Green with Wind Power…. 2/18/2012 30 Vietnam is Really Going Green? • First windmills of 2, 0 MW/unit already installed along Natonal Highway 1 A in Tuy Phong District- Binh Thuan Province => Demand for Green Power is a must in Vietnam in the near future. => Training and Researches in the field of Green Energy related to electric power really attract undergraduate and graduate students. Going Green with PV Systems Applications: Stand Alone or… 2/18/2012 32 off-grid or grid-connected 2/18/2012 33 Renewable energy= Flux Energy Which energy vectors are well suitable for the future? At present: • Fossil fuels= energy storage and energy vector • Electricity= energy of flux , enrgy vector (20% in final usage) In the future: • Electricity, flux energy from renewables and nuclear energy.
• Other vectors : capable of being stored and transported • Hydrocarbon from CO2 of atmosphere: biofuels • Hydrogen 2/18/2012 34 Energy Storage using Hydro Reservoirs of Different Altitudes 2/18/2012 35 Storage in the form of Mechanical Energy= Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 2/18/2012 36 Kinetic Energy Storage Using Flywheels 2/18/2012 37 Electrochemical Conversion and Energy Storage- Batteries 2/18/2012 38 Lead Acid Batteries of oldest technology and so far find widespread applications - Advantages: low cost, robust, wide applications in vehicles, UPS, recycled up to 98% - Disadvantages: low charge/discharge cycles: 500 cycles; low ratio of energy stored/mass: 35 Wh/kg and low power/mass: 100 W/kg 2/18/2012 39 2/18/2012 40 Super Capacitors Maxwell Technologies "MC" and "BC" series supercapacitors (up to 3000 farad capacitance) An electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), also known as supercapacitor, supercondenser, pseudocapacitor, electrochemical double layer capacitor, or ultracapacitor, is an electrochemical capacitor with relatively high energy density. Compared to conventional electrolytic capacitors the energy density is typically on the order of thousands of times greater. In comparison with conventional batteries or fuel cells, EDLCs also have a much higher power density. A typical D-cell sized electrolytic capacitor displays capacitance in the range of tens of millifarads.
The same size EDLC might reach several farads, an improvement of two orders of magnitude. EDLCs usually yield a lower working voltage; as of 2010 larger double-layer capacitors have capacities up to 5,000 farads.[1] Also in 2010, the highest available EDLC energy density is 30 Wh/kg[2] (although 85 Wh/kg has been achieved at room temperature in the lab[3]), lower than rapid-charging lithium- titanate batteries.[4] EDLCs have a variety of commercial applications, notably in "energy smoothing" and momentary- load devices. They have applications as energy-storage devices used in vehicles, and for smaller applications like home solar energy systems where extremely fast charging is a valuable feature. Maxwell Technologies "MC" and "BC" series supercapacitors (up to 3000 farad capacitance) 2/18/2012 41 7] Supercapacitors have several disadvantages and advantages relative to batteries, as described below.[ Disadvantages The amount of energy stored per unit weight is generally lower than that of an electrochemical battery (3–5 W·h/kg for an standard ultracapacitor, although 85 W.h/kg has been achieved in the lab[10] as of 2010[update] compared to 30-40 W·h/kg for a lead acid battery), and about 1/1,000th the volumetric energy density of gasoline.
Typical of any capacitor, the voltage varies with the energy stored. Effective storage and recovery of energy requires complex electronic control and switching equipment, with consequent energy loss Has the highest dielectric absorption of any type of capacitor. High self-discharge - the rate is considerably higher than that of an electrochemical battery. Cells hold low voltages - serial connections are needed to obtain higher voltages.
Voltage balancing is required if more than three capacitors are connected in series. Linear discharge voltage prevents use of the full energy spectrum. Due to rapid and large release of energy (albeit over short times), EDLC's have the potential to be deadly to humans. Advantages Long life, with little degradation over hundreds of thousands of charge cycles.
Due to the capacitor's high number of charge-discharge cycles (millions or more compared to 200 to 1000 for most commercially available rechargeable batteries) it will last for the entire lifetime of most devices, which makes the device environmentally friendly. Rechargeable batteries wear out typically over a few years, and their highly reactive chemical electrolytes present a disposal and safety hazard. Battery lifetime can be optimised by charging only under favorable conditions, at an ideal rate and, for some chemistries, as infrequently as possible. EDLCs can help in conjunction with batteries by acting as a charge conditioner, storing energy from other sources for load balancing purposes and then using any excess energy to charge the batteries at a suitable time.
Low cost per cycle Good reversibility Very high rates of charge and discharge.