Nghiên cứu về các yếu tố dự đoán rủi ro vỡ nợ trong ngân hàng bán lẻ tại Việt Nam - Luận văn ...

Nghiên cứu thực nghiệm về các yếu tố dự đoán mặc định trong ngân hàng bán lẻ tại Việt Nam, cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc cho ngành tài chính.

Trường đại học

University of Economics

Chuyên ngành

Development Economics

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2013

82
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Justification of the study

1.2. Scope of the study

1.3. Organization of the study

2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. History of credit scoring

2.2. Concepts of credit scoring

2.3. Reviews of economic theories

2.4. Reviews of empirical studies

2.5. Default predictors in markets for credit cards and instant loans

2.6. Default predictors in markets for automobiles, mortgages and real property construction

2.7. Default predictors in markets for individual loans

2.8. Empirical literature summary

2.9. Problems and limitations of previous studies

3. CHAPTER 3: DATA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Methodologies for CSM

3.2. Statistical tests of individual predictors

3.3. Goodness-of-fit statistics

3.4. Pseudo R-squared statistics

3.5. Cox and Snell's R2

3.6. Hosmer and Lemeshow test

3.7. Validations of predicted probabilities

3.8. Area under the ROC curve

4. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1. Personal tastes for loans by ages

4.2. Discretionary incomes and default

4.3. Nexus between loan amount and loan outcomes

4.4. Loan duration and loan outcomes

4.5. Collateral value and loan outcome

4.6. Differences in variables between defaulted and non-defaulted loans

4.7. Correlation matrix among independent variables

4.8. Overall evaluations and statistical tests of individual predictors

4.9. Goodness-of-fit statistics

4.10. Validations of predicted probabilities

4.11. Receiver operating characteristic and area under the ROC curve

5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

5.1. Limitations and further studies

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY 2013 HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M. IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS MASTER'S THESIS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEFAULT PREDICTORS IN RETAIL BANKING – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN VIETNAM By NGUYEN BAO QUOC MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS NGUYEN BAO QUOC HO CHI MINH CITY, SEPTEMBER 2013 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M. IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEFAULT PREDICTORS IN RETAIL BANKING – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN VIETNAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By NGUYEN BAO QUOC Academic supervisor: Dr. LE CONG TRU HO CHI MINH CITY, SEPTEMBER 2013 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com DECLARATION I declare that "Default Predictors in Retail Banking – An Empirical Study in Vietnam" is my own work; it has not been submitted to any degree at other universities. I confirm that I have made by effort and applied all knowledge for finishing this thesis in the best way. Ho Chi Minh City, September 2013 NGUYEN BAO QUOC i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to offer my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Le Cong Tru, for invaluable comments, remarks and engagement through the learning process of the thesis. Then I have Mr. Le Duc Anh to thank for introducing me to the topic. I am also much obliged to Associate Prof. Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dr. Pham Khanh Nam and Dr. Luca Tasciotti for helpful remarks on my TRD as well as keeping me on the right track. For the availability of the dataset, I am thankful to MDE. Tran Thu Trang from the Head Office of BIDV. Last but not least, I am deeply indebted to my parents, my dearly beloved wife, my brothers and sisters for all the understanding and spiritual assistance. I will wholeheartedly be grateful forever for your love. ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT Due to intense competition, over-lending and economic turmoil, banking system in Vietnam is suffering a huge amount of non-performing loans. Given the considerable growth of retail banking market, an exploration of risk predictors becomes crucial more than ever. This paper investigates key factors that influence loan repayment performance among individual customers. The survey covers a representative sample of personal loans from one of the largest Vietnamese commercial banks. A logistic regression technique is employed to evaluate the relationship between delinquency and borrower characteristics and loan features. The regression results reveal that borrower characteristics, e. borrowing history, bank- account holding and education level, rather than loan factors, such as purposes, duration and credit limit, have stronger effects on the default outcome. This suggests that bankers apply appropriate adjustments to borrower characteristics to minimize default risk. Key words: retail banking, credit scoring, default, risk, logistic regression, probability. iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION . iii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iv LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF FIGURES . vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION . Justification of the study . Scope of the study . Organization of the study. 5 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW . History of credit scoring . Concepts of credit scoring . Reviews of economic theories . Reviews of empirical studies . Default predictors in markets for credit cards and instant loans. Default predictors in markets for automobiles, mortgages and real property construction . Default predictors in markets for individual loans . Empirical literature summary . Problems and limitations of previous studies . 21 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Chapter 3 DATA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . Methodologies for CSM . Statistical tests of individual predictors . Goodness-of-fit statistics . Pseudo R-squared statistics. Cox and Snell's R2 . Hosmer and Lemeshow test . Validations of predicted probabilities . Area under the ROC curve . 38 Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS . Personal tastes for loans by ages . Discretionary incomes and default. Nexus between loan amount and loan outcomes . Loan duration and loan outcomes . Collateral value and loan outcome . Differences in variables between defaulted and non-defaulted loans . Correlation matrix among independent variables . 45 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Overall evaluations and statistical tests of individual predictors . Goodness-of-fit statistics . Validations of predicted probabilities . Receiver operating characteristic and area under the ROC curve . 57 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS . Limitations and further studies . 67 vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Credit scoring vs. Summary of variables . Overview of variables. Predictive accuracy of CSMs . Variables initially considered for the CSM . Loan type statistics . Differences in variables between the loan outcomes . Correlation coefficients among continuous independent variables . Information values for explanatory variables . Performance of the models . 53 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Process of credit scoring . ROC Curve and AUC . Steps in binary logistic regression. Gender and loan sample . Average loan size vs. age and purposes . Default frequencies among different groups of discretionary incomes . Default frequencies among different groups of loan amounts . Default frequencies among different groups of loan duration . Default frequencies among different ratios of collateral-to-loan . ROC curves and AUC . 53 vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BIDV Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam BIS Bank for International Settlements CAPM Capital Asset Pricing Model CSM Credit Scoring Model ECOA Equal Credit Opportunity Act NPL Non-performing Loan SBV State Bank of Vietnam VND Vietnam dong viii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the thesis topic and identifies the main issues which will be covered in the following sections. The background and motivation to the study will come first. Then the research objectives, research questions and scope will be introduced. The next will be the main contribution of the study and the thesis structure is to be briefly displayed at the end of the chapter. Background In spite of the wide variety of banking businesses, providing loans for corporate customers and individuals constitutes the majority of proceeds for commercial banks as well as other credit institutions. As information asymmetries prevail, lenders are trading with a risk of borrowers falling in default (Stiglitz & Weiss, 1981). However, asymmetric information is not the only threat since social factors along with effects of business cycles may also impact upon the delinquency (Allen, DeLong, & Saunders, 2004). To advocate lending activities, measurement of credit risk has been taken seriously and therefore has made dramatic progress over two past decades (Altman & Saunders, 1997). These two scholars point out several forces that give impulse to credit-risk measurement. They involve: (1) a worldwide increase in cases of bankruptcies, (2) disintermediation trend by the largest borrowers and highest quality, (3) marginal competitiveness on loans, (4) a decreasing value of property (and collateral as a result), and (5) a sharp rise in off-balance sheet instruments. After Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has launched the revised framework Basel II, banks are encouraged to promote their approaches on credit-risk measurement (Claessens, Krahnen, & Lang, 2005) and vendors start to offer improved models to banks for calculating the regulatory capital requirements. Together with the rapid increase in bank loans for corporates and institutions, the need of individual credit today is at its highest (Brown, Taylor, & Wheatley Price, 2005) and "lending boom appears to be particularly strong in the segment of loans to households," as argued by Backé and Wójcik (2008). Unlike the wholesale banking which trades with large and typically rated borrowers, the retail banking deals with small loan sizes and a huge number of personal clients who, in most cases, have no credit ratings at all. Since each loan is relatively not large in amount, it is implied that the risk of default on any personal loan is quite minimal. Traditionally, a loan approval is based on the credit officer's judgment or 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com experience from previous decisions. However, it is costly and time-consuming for each loan profile to be examined separately. In fact, no loss on any separate retail loan can put a bank close to insolvency. Hence, unit cost for appraising the default risk of a retail loan may be larger than the reward in terms of loss prevention and it might not be worthwhile determining the risk on the basis of an individual loan. As a result, to measure the level of credit risk as a whole for such individual loan segmentation, banks use loan default predicting models or credit scoring models (CSMs) whose goal is to forecast bad outcomes and make sure that good loans are not falsely rejected and bad loans are not wrongly accepted either. According to Yang, Nie, and Zhang (2009), the credit rating of banks has three important milestones which are: (1) Expert system, (2) Credit scoring, and (3) Probability of default model. So far there have been many good remarks associated with those approaches as follows. Brill (1998) argues that building and refining a CSM can have certain benefits such as cost saving in credit assessment, faster credit analysis and improvement in cash flow and collections. Chen and Huang (2003) account that with considerable loan portfolios, just a slight enhancement in credit scoring authenticity can lower the lenders' risk and translate significantly into later savings. Fishelson-Holstine (2004) proves that CSMs are devised to accommodate the need of increasing loan volume, mitigating credit risks and treating customer impartially. That is the reason why such tools are beneficial to both institutional creditors and borrowers. In the same way, Allen et al. (2004) reckon that banks applying CSMs tend to be more efficient at lower costs. Dinh and Kleimeier (2007) insist that if a good model is employed with the availability of reliable data, scoring would greatly diminish the risk. Noticeably, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2007) reports to the Congress that "credit scoring reduces the cost of lending or facilitates more effective risk-based pricing of loans, increased use of credit scoring may expand the range of applicants to whom lenders are able to make loans profitably" (pp. Problem statement Banking sector in Vietnam has been growing significantly in the last decade. A report by McKinsey Global Institute (2012) reveals that total bank credit to GDP in nominal local currency has increased sharply from approximately 22% as of 2000 to more than 120% ten years later, equivalent to 33% annual growth which is the highest among neighboring countries: India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. The statistical figure reveals that Vietnamese economy totally depends on the banks' sources now just after one decade. The rapid expansion in banks' lending will also bring non-performing loans (NPLs). 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com While the reported level of bad loans appears to be under control, the true volume is likely to be much higher than what is publicized. In reality, NPLs climb up to 10% in May 2012, 4% higher than that in 2011 and equal to 10% of the year's GDP.1 Therefore, the situation is an urge for a stricter standard of bad debt recognition in order to manage credit risk, especially in the context of global financial crisis, Vietnamese economic downturn and intense competition over the past few years. As Vietnam's banking market is maturing, banks have to deal with competition not only from other domestic credit institutions but from well-performing foreign banks as well. Despite the fact that retail banking has been growing rapidly over recent years, BIDV has not taken this trend seriously.

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