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Luận văn thạc sĩ nghiên cứu information sharing bank penetration and tax evasion in the developing countries, đánh giá hiện trạng, phân tích vấn đề, đề xuất biện pháp hoàn thiện

Trường đại học

University of Economics

Chuyên ngành

Development Economics

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2016

61
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Contribution of the thesis

1.2. Structure of the thesis

2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Explaining tax evasion

2.2. Tax evasion approach

2.3. Tax evasion framework

2.4. Determinants of tax evasion

2.5. Connection with information sharing and bank penetration

2.6. Information sharing and bank penetration in financial system

2.7. Information sharing and Bank penetration role to tax evasion

3. CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. New tax evasion index

3.2. Financial developments versus tax evasion

4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. The first hypothesis: Information sharing, bank penetration and tax evasion

4.2. The second hypothesis: Firm size and location influences

4.3. Definitions and sources of variables

4.4. Data summary and list of industries

4.5. Tax evasion index in the developing countries

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS INFORMATION SHARING, BANK PENETRATION & TAX EVASION IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BY VO MANH TAN MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2016 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS INFORMATION SHARING, BANK PENETRATION & TAX EVASION IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By VO MANH TAN Academic Supervisor Dr. VO HONG DUC Ho Chi Minh City, November 2016 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com DECLARATION I hereby declare, that the thesis report entitled, “Information sharing, Bank penetration & Tax evasion in the developing countries” written and submitted by me in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics to the Vietnam – Netherlands Programme. This is my original work and conclusions drawn are based on the material collected by me. I further declare that this work has not been submitted to this or any other university for the award of any other degree, diploma or equivalent course. HCMC, November 2016 Vo Manh Tan i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDMENTS Immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and support are extended to the following persons who in one way or another have contributed in making this study possible. Above all, I would like to express my special appreciation to my supervisor - Dr. Võ Hồng Đức, for his supports, advices, guidance, valuable comments and suggestions. It is an honor to work with him. I would like to acknowledge all the lecturers and staffs at the Vietnam – Netherlands Programme for their useful knowledge and support during the time I studied at the program. In specific, I am grateful to Prof. Nguyễn Trọng Hoài, Dr. Phạm Khánh Nam and Dr. Trương Đăng Thụy, who guided me the first steps in the courses as well as in the thesis writing process. I would like to thank my friends at Class 21 for their helps. Last, but not least, I would like to thank family, my parents and my sister, who always love, take care of and support me unconditionally on the way I have chosen. HCMC, November 2016 Vo Manh Tan ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABBREVIATIONS TEI: Tax evasion index IRS: The U. Internal Revenue Services GNP: Gross National Products GDP: Gross Domestic Products OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development DYMIMIC: Dynamic Multiple Indicators – Multiple Causes approach iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT In April 2016, a huge leak of confidential documents regarding tax affairs, known as “Panama papers”, occurred. This leak has revealed information in relation to the way in which the rich has hidden their assets to evade tax with the assistance of a Panamanian law firm, known as Mossack Fonseca. The consequences have spread around the world for months, and possible for years, which has been considered as one of the biggest global scandals in relation to tax evasion at all times. A question has been put forward in relation to the approach in which the governments of many countries, regardless of the economic development of the nation, have adopted to really manage tax evasion being consistently occurred in the economy. This study is conducted in response to this important and hotly debated issue regarding tax evasion. Shadow economy refers to taxable business activities but failed to be reported by financial/ tax authority. As a result of shadow economy, tax evasion defines illegal activities which aim to conceal taxable income from tax authorities or to include expenses which are not allowed in order to reduce tax liabilities to be paid to the coffers of the governments. Tax evasion and shadow economy are critical problems and barriers to growth, regardless of the level of economic development of a nation. However, it is argued that the issue of tax evasion is more serious and difficult to be handled in developing countries in comparison with the developed nations. An extensive literature review in this study presents that (i) tax and social security contribution burdens, (ii) regulations, (iii) public sector services, (iv) quality of institutions and (v) tax compliance play an important role in the decision of whether or not firms would evade tax. Three contributions of this study can be summarized as below. First, on the ground of this literature review and other empirical studies, the so-called tax evasion index (TEI) is developed to measure tax evasion in the developing countries. Second, potential influences of information sharing and bank penetration from financial intermediate developments on tax evasion is examined using the newly developed TEI. Third, potential contributions of firms’ characteristics including firm size and location to iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com the relationship between information sharing, bank penetration and tax evasion is discussed and quantified. The sample consists of 112 developing countries during the period of 2006 to 2014 using data from standardized World Bank Enterprises survey 2006 – 2014. The new TEI is constructed by calculating equally weighted average of five indicators which represent the main five sources of influence. This new index falls within the range of 0 to 1. As such, Tobit regression is utilized to examine the relationship between information sharing, bank penetration and tax evasion. Findings from this study indicate that there is a substance variance in relation to tax evasion, which is proxied by the new TEI in this study, among 112 countries adopted in the research sample. The difference of the TEI across countries is mostly explained by the difference in public sector services. Corruption contributes the largest part to the estimate of the TEI with the average of 2.76 over the maximum of 4. The average TEI for developing countries in the sample stays at 0.62 with the lowest estimate of 0.25 (for Etritrea) and the highest estimate of 0. In addition, empirical analyses indicate a consistent and negative relationship between information sharing, bank penetration and tax evasion in developing countries. Finally, large firms are generally considered to have adopted good tax compliance practices while firms located in remote areas are more likely to evade tax. Key words: Tax evasion, Shadow economy, Information sharing, Bank penetration, Developing countries. v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION . iv TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF FIGURES . viii LIST OF TABLES . viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION . Contribution of the thesis . Structure of the thesis . 6 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . Explaining tax evasion . Tax evasion approach . Tax evasion framework . Determinants of tax evasion . Connection with information sharing and bank penetration . Information sharing and bank penetration in financial system . Information sharing and Bank penetration role to tax evasion . 19 Chapter 3: DATA AND METHODOLOGY . New tax evasion index . Financial developments versus tax evasion . 26 vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . The first hypothesis: Information sharing, bank penetration and tax evasion . The second hypothesis: Firm size and location influences . Definitions and sources of variables . Data summary and list of industries . Tax evasion index in the developing countries . 51 vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. Conceptual framework of the thesis . Tax evasion index in the developing countries, mean value from 2006 to 2014 . 51 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. Tax evasion index by country in 2006 – 2014 . Tobit regressions about effects of information sharing and bank penetration to tax evasion status . Tobit regressions about effects of firm size on the relationship between financial development variables and tax evasion status . Tobit regressions about effects of location on the relationship between financial development variables and tax evasion status . List of industries . 50 viii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Problem statement Existing studies significantly focused on the link between financial development and formal economic activities. Levine (2005) grouped factors into five categories through which financial development might have effects on real sectors of the economy: (a) producing information and enhancing capital allocation efficiency; (b) monitoring firms and conducting corporate governance; (c) reducing risk; (d) creating pools of saving and (e) promoting exchange. Given these groups, understanding the potential channels through which financial sector can influence real economic activities is important for any economy regardless of its economic development level. Growth nexus has attracted great attention from the literature on financial development. However, limited researches on the effects of financial intermediary developments to unofficial economic activity or shadow economy have been conducted. Examining this relationship is necessary, as shadow economy is a substantial problem in developing countries. Johnson, Kaufmann and Zoido-Lobaton (1998) and Friedman et al. (2000) estimated that total contribution of shadow economic activities in the GDP ranges from 10 to 15 per cent in developed countries and 19 to 46 per cent in developing countries respectively. Moreover, shadow economy can negatively affect growth in two main mechanisms. First, it constrains investment opportunities as illegal firms may only operate in underground environment, which does not provide necessary market-support. Second, shadow economy leads to tax evasion, then reduces tax revenues. Governments facing fiscal deficits in tax revenues may not be able to be disciplined with their budget or have to do external funding; both of which are risky and complicated in various ways. As a result of shadow economy, tax evasion refers to illegal activities which aim to conceal taxable income from tax authorities or include expense which are not allowed to reduce tax amount. By reporting a smaller income, higher expense, or in extreme case, 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com no income, enterprises could evade tax and save the money. The enterprises then face with the potential of being caught cheating and not only the amount of evaded tax but also a fine is applied. Main reason for tax evasion comes from information asymmetry, or tax authorities do not have enough information to reveal illegal activities aiming to reduce tax amount. This is also why improvement in financial sector, especially factors which accelerate information and promote transparent market, could help to control tax evasion. Better information sharing and bank penetration are among the targets of financial intermediary development. Together with other financial factors as well as macroeconomic factors, their role is to help (a) formal banks to increase their loan security by avoiding information asymmetry between loan owners and loan takers and (b) firms which operate legally in the economy to get benefits. The factors were previously discussed and confirmed in many studies including Love and Mylenko (2003), Beck et al. (2011) and Beck et al. Financial developments like information sharing and bank penetration could assist tax evasion relief from various aspects. First, Straub (2005) and Beck et al. (2007) suggested that better access to formal credit services help increase formal operating firms’ benefits, which would reduce tax evasion. Moreover, information sharing leads to lower transaction costs and improves credit efficiency by enhancing credit availability (Brown et al., 2009) and reduces bank corruption in lending (Barth et al. These evidences boost benefits of formal firms, thus, lower motivations to evade tax of the informal group. Second, tax evasion could as well appear under the shape of “cooking the book”. In financial systems where information sharing and bank penetration are well improved, firms that misreport their revenues would have more obstacles in borrowing. Formal banks and other financial intermediary institutions prefer appropriate functioning firms because of lower risk due to lower information asymmetry, and then less likely to allocate resources to misreported firms.

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